[Glucose, glycotoxins, and protein glycation products: the role in pathogensis].

Arteriosclerosis and atheromatosis are etiologically and pathogenetically different non-physiological processes in atherosclerosis localized in the proximal segments of the arterial bed and elastic-type arteries; both affect the structure and function of the arterial wall. They cause an inflammatory reaction with subsequent compaction (sclerosing) of the walls of large and mid-size arteries, the loss of their elasticity due to structural changes in the loose connective tissue of intima-media, impaired elasticity and enhanced rigidity of the wall, inflammation, fibrosis, and increased pulse wave conduction velocity. Arteriosclerosis is initiated by long-term hyperglycemia, chemical collagen and elastin glycation by glucose and its metabolites (glycotoxins glyoxal and methylglyoxal) forming cross-links between collagen and elastin fibers.

[Low and very low density lipoproteins: pathogenetic and clinical significance].

LDLP and VLDLP have different biological functions: phylogenetically older LDLP transfer FA that serve as substrates for intracellular production of energy and ATP while VLDLP transfer FA--precursors of cell membranes and eicosanoids. The cells absorb LDLP via apoB-100 endocytosis and VLDLP through apoE/B-100 receptors. VLDLP consist of palmitic and oleic VLDLP and LDLP of linoleic and linolenic LDLP.

[The unity of pathogenesis of insulin resistance syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty disease of liver. The metabolic disorder of fatty acids and triglycerides].

The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty disease of liver (steatosis) is still as unclear as a loss of hepatocytes similar to apoptosis, development of biological reaction of inflammation, its transformation into steatohepatitis with subsequent fibrosis and formation of atrophic cirrhosis. The article suggests that steatosis is developed due to higher concentration of palmitic saturated fatty acid (C 16:0) in food, intensification of its endogenic synthesis from food carbohydrates and glucose and development of insulin resistance. It is displayed in in hormone ability to activate both oxidation in cells of glucose and synthesis of oleic monoene fatty acid from palmitic saturated fatty acid (C 18:1).

[The biological reaction of inflammation, methylglyoxal of blood plasma, functional and structural alterations in elastic type arteries at the early stage of hypertension disease].

The article deals with studying of the relationship between biologic reaction of inflammation with glycosylation reaction and content of methylglyoxal in blood serum. The positive correlation between pulse wave velocity and content of methylglyoxal, C-reactive protein in intercellular medium and malleolar brachial index value was established. This data matches the experimental results concerning involvement of biological reaction of inflammation into structural changes of elastic type arteries under hypertension disease, formation of arteries' rigidity and increase of pulse wave velocity.

[Nonspecific inflammation and structural changes in the arteries of hypertensive males at high and moderate risk for cardiovascular events].

Aim: To study relationships between nonspecific inflammation (NI) of the arterial wall and its structural changes in Stages I-II hypertensive disease (HD) males at moderate and high risks of cardiovascular events (CVE).

Subjects And Methods: Sixty hypertensive males aged 30 to 65 years (mean age 44 +/- 2 years), including 35 patients with grade 1 arterial hypertension (AH) and 25 with grade 2 AH at moderate and high risks of CVE, were examined. The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and methylglyoxal (MG) were measured.

[The individual fatty acids in blood plasma, erythrocytes and lipoproteins. The comparison of tests results of patients with ischemic heart disease and volunteers].

According to the generally accepted theory, the atherosclerosis is a kind of disorder of metabolism of lipids which chemically are the ethers of fatty lipids with spirits. Hence, the atherosclerosis is fatty acids pathology. In conformity with the biologic classification, among fatty acids it is functionally valid to distinguish saturated fatty acids without double bonds; monoenic fatty acids with one double bond; unsaturated fatty acids with two or three double bonds and polyenic fatty acids with four of six double bonds in chain.

[The subcellular organelles of peroxisome, realization of biologic functions of trophology, homeostasis, endoecology and functional bond with mitochondrion: the lecture].

The biologic role of peroxisomes in cells is that the organelles in respect to fatty acids, lipids and substrates synthesized from acetate implement the same fimnctions as the lysosomes exercise to proteins and polypeptides. The biologic role of peroxisomes is to optimize in vivo the exogenous fatty acids in hepatocytes under the realization of biologic functions of trophology, homeostasis, endoecology. About 800 individual fatty acids can penetrate into organism with food.

[The hyperiricosuria as an indicator of derangement of biologic functions of endoecology and adaptation, biologic reactions of excretion, inflammation and arterial tension].

During millions years in all animals allantoine (oxidized by uricase uric acid) was catabolite of purines and ascorbic acid was an acceptor of active forms of oxygen. The proximal tubules of nephron reabsorbed the trace amounts of uric acid Then during phylogenesis the primates had a mutation of ascorbic acid gen minus. Later on occurred a second spontaneous mutation and uricase gen minus and uric acid became catabolites of purines.

[The glucose, glycotoxins and glycation products: the involvement into pathogenesis of microangiopathies, arteriolosclerosis and atherosclerosis].

The hyperglycemia and diabetes and the concurrent increase of glucose's chemical glycation of (GLU) circulating and structured proteins are the conditions of occurring of various a physiological (GLU) metabolism processes: a) a polyolic way with the synthesis in cells' cytosol of sorbitol alcohol, organic osmolit producing hyperosmolarity of cytosol; a galactosamine way of GLU transformation leads to aminoglycotoxins' formation; the intensification of hexose transformation into trioses leads to the increase of synthesis and accumulation of glycotoxins of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in intercellular medium. The reaction of proteins' glycation, proportionally to the magnitude and duration of hyperglycosemia, results in sequential formation of Shiff bases, Amadori products and glycation end products. The glycation of proteins with glycotoxins results in the immediate formation of glycation end products.

[The unity of image recognition of tolite homothetic receptors and glycosylation end product receptors in biologic function in case of diabetes].

In compliance with our theory of biologic functions and reactions, pathogenesis of all diseases in formed in the framework of disorder of seven biologic functions: trophology, homeostasis, endoecology, adaptation, locomotion, genus continuation and intelligence. The disorder of biologic function of endoecology ("purity" of intercellular medium in vivo) is the most common basis of pathogenesis of diseases' nosological forms. There are two methods of elimination of disorder of this function.

[The pericytes, endothelium monolayer, collagen and elastin chains as the elements of areolar tissue and the substrates of chemical reaction of glyserization].

The microangiopathy under hyperglycemia and diabetes develops only in the microcirculation component of circulatory system. In this area considerable amount of pericytes is concentrated. These cells contain myofibrils and in circulatory mode envelop capillaries being situated on the outside of basilemma.

[Arteriolosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Pathology of the distal and proximal arterial bed. Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy].

Microangiopathy (MAP) in the distal arterial bed develops in the structures high in pericytes that have myofibrils and, by interacting with the endothelium, form the first peristaltic pumps; they push lymph, hemolymph and blood from the arterial bed to the venous one. The role of glucose, hyperglycemia, a glycation reaction and its end products in microvascular interstitial tissue damage in the arterial bed is shown only in the neuron axon terminals that surround the pool of the intercellular medium while the other axonal parts are present in the cerebrospinal fluid pool where hyperglycemia is absent. When glucose metabolism is activated through the poliolovic pathway, the endothelial cytosole accumulates organic osmolytes, such as sorbitol alcohol that, by causing hyperhydration, increases the height of endothelial cells.

[Prevention of atherosclerosis. The positional specificity of blood triglycerides and lipases, the particular milk lipids, and the modification of the fatty acids of vegetable oils and animal fats].

Milk is a biological medium that bears no resemblance to any of the biological fluids and tissues in primates and mammals in the positional composition of fatty acids (FA) in triglycerides. This is determined by the fact that at the very early phylogenesis of mammals, milk is to ensure a high postnatal bioavailability (absorption) of saturated palmitic FA, a substrate for neonatal energy supply despite all obstacles that are formed in the baby's intestine in vivo. Milk is destined for infant nutrition in the biology-destined period (not more than a year); assimilation of triglycerides that are so structurally unusual requires a) high isomerization activity in the enterocytes and b) the ability of blood lipases to hydrolyze palmitate-oleate-palmitate triglycerides as a component of oleic very-low-density lipoproteins.

[Prevention of atherosclerosis. Excess of palmitic acid in food--a cause of hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory syndrome, insulin resistance in myocytes, and apoptosis].

Unity of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome gives rise to impaired biological function of adaptation, altered biological function of exotrophy (external feeding) and endoecology ("purity" of the intercellular medium). Biological reactions of inflammation and hydrodynamic pressure, or blood pressure, are in vivo activated to compensate for intercellular debris accumulation by endogenous phlogogens--ligand-free low density lipoproteins (LDL). The biological reactions jointly remove LDL from blood to the intima of elastic type arteries, to interstitial tissue for the local pool of the intravascular medium.