[EFFECT OF VOLUNTARY BREATH-HOLDING AND COGNITIVE LOADS ON REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN].

Cerebral blood flow and bioelectric activity were studied in 10 normal volunteers in order to assess cerebrovascular reactivity during different types of functional testing. The transcranial Doppler was used to measure linear blood velocity (LBV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during maximal voluntary breath-holding (apnea), controlled verbal association test and tactile memory test. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) registered the bioelectric activity of the brain cortex.

[Effects of the 520-day isolation on the functional state of the cardiovascular system].

Purpose of the work was to study the cardiovascular effects of simulated factors in a 520-day crewed mission to Mars, and to validate the diagnostic value of the ultrasonic investigation of microcirculation and endothelium-dependent dilation of the right brachial artery in 6 male volunteers at the age of 28 to 39 years. It appears that 520-d isolation affected intracardiac hemodynamics and endothelium function more dramatically compared with 105-d isolation, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. These findings add insight into the "cost of human adaptation" to very long isolation.

[Evaluation of the radiofrequency ablation effectiveness in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

A one-year prospective study involved 22 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and 20 healthy people. Means age of patients was 34.3 +/- 16.

[Scatological investigations during 105-day isolation].

Dynamics of the gastrointestinal functioning was reconstructed by analysis of the scatological data from volunteered subjects before, on days 16, 35, 45, 60, 90 and after completion of 105-day isolation experiment. The analysis showed that scatological investigations performed in the conditions imitating life in an exploration vehicle environment are instrumental in detecting deviations in the GI function indicative of pancreas excretory and hepar biliary excretion and synthetic hypofunction that can be responsible for intestinal dysfunction. Normalization of scatological parameters following the experiment witnesses to functional genesis of the changes observed during the exploration mission simulation.

[Investigation of cardiovascular adaptation to postural passive test in the course of selecting candidates for special contingent].

Selection of candidates for special contingent is made with the focus on evaluation of cardiovascular functioning and adaptability to stresses, and detection of pre-disease shifts in CV regulation. Hemodynamics regulation was assessed by tilt testing of 15 essentially healthy men at the age of 18 to 34. The tilt table was initially at 0 degrees (baseline), turned at +75 degrees (20 min), and then back to 0 degrees for 5-min recovery.

[Screening-diagnostics of the myocardium during test-loading on bicycle ergometer].

Diagnostic and prognostic potentiality of KardioVizor-06 (KV) in early detection of deviations in the myocardium electrophysiological parameters was assessed with the standard functional test on bicycle ergometer. The investigation was performed with participation of 10 essentially healthy subjects of different age groups. Data obtained with KV (baseline, test and recovery) were compared and contrasted with the results of standard ECG (12 leads) and BP methods.

[New approaches to diagnostics and identification of possible damages in normal humans under the conditions of microgravity and exposure to low doses of radiation].

The issues of radiation risk evaluation were addressed in the investigation of cytogenetic and molecular-biological changes in lymphocytes of cosmonauts and pilots of high-altitude airplanes. The goal was to determine individual sensitivity to the flight conditions and an additional factor (lymphocyte exposure to 1 Gy in situ), and adaptability as an index of induction of cell and organism resistance to extreme conditions.

[Individual cytogenetic and molecular-biological characteristics of lymphocytes in blood of pilots and cosmonauts].

The purpose of this paper was the investigation of the pilots and of cosmonauts individual sensitivity to the fly conditions, to the additional irradiation (in the dose of 1 Gy), the adaptive response manifestation (in the doses 0.05 and 0.5 Gy).

[Population genetic study of Russian cosmonauts and test subjects: genetic demographic parameters and immunogenetic markers].

Genetic demographic characteristics and immunogenetic markers (blood groups ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell) have been studied in a group of 132 Russian cosmonauts and test subjects (CTSG). Analysis of pedigrees has shown a high exogamy in the preceding generations: almost half of the subjects have mixed ethnic background. According to the results of genetic demographic analysis, a sample from the Moscow population was used as control group (CG).

[Identification of individual genotype parameters, informative for medical care in piloted space missions: modern and future capabilities].

The factors of space flight provoke some negative shifts in crew health. Improvement of the methods of diagnostics, evaluation of predisposition to diseases and correction of functional deviations is within the scope of the crew medical operations personnel. It is also a new focus of biomedical research referred to as "personalized medicine" the corner stone of which is genetic analysis.

[Effect of space flight factors on health of cosmonauts in the near and late term after space flights].

Cytogenetical studies of cosmonauts' peripheral blood lymphocytes after space flights on MIR orbital station showed a statistically significant increase in the yields of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations. However, similar studies with in vitro irradiation of biological objects with accelerated charged particles are of great importance for elucidation of the nature of cytogenetical damage induced in vivo. It is also important to investigate the structure of cosmonatus' diseases over their life, in particular, lens opacities and oncological diseases.

[New approaches to diagnosis and correction of arterial hypertension in pilots and cosmonauts].

One of the top priority goals of space medical operations is timely diagnostics of strained body regulation, particularly in the cardiovascular system, during space flight. Analysis of telemetric data allows foresee cardiovascular adaptation disturbance such as failure to stabilize arterial pressure and possible development of arterial hypertension aboard space vehicle, and delayed readaptation to 1-g after stay in microgravity. Demonstrated were interhemispheric differences, i.

[Longitudinal studies of cosmonauts' health].

Presented are data of the follow-up (about 30 years maximum) of cosmonauts (n = 36, main group) and candidates to cosmonauts (n = 65, control) who were also subjected to the systematic medical certification over the whole period in the corps of cosmonauts. Analysis of the data on morbidity, body mass, physiological and biochemical parameters (BP, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, hemoglobin etc.) revealed that for the most part, dynamics of the health parameters and morbidity in remote periods after space flight was age-specific.

[Experience of selecting test-subjects for extended model studies].

Methodical approaches to selection and results of examination of test-subjects (aged 18 to 50 yr) volunteered to participate in extended model studies were reviewed. General and age-specific morbidity was analyzed. Various diseases (163 nosologic forms) were found in 94.

[The influence of extended exposure in artificial hypercapnic environments on the function of external respiration and gas exchange].

Effects of artificial hypercapnic atmosphere were studied in a series of ten 40-d experiments with participation of 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 61 years. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide was maintained at 27 +/- 2 mm Hg (3.4-3.

[Sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide during prolonged exposure of humans to gas environment with unchanging level of hypercapnia].

Effects of moderate CO2 concentrations (2.2-3.2%) on external respiration were studied in a series of extended (30-d) continuous tests with volunteered human subjects.

[Use of the method of thoracic electric bioimpedance in medical evaluation of central hemodynamics in man].

Stroke and minute cardiac volumes were simultaneously determined at rest in seven healthy male subjects aged 28-48 and 13 patients with various forms of partial insufficiency of the central hemodynamics with the use of thoracic electrical bioimpedance and Doppler echocardiography. The bio-impedance method employed IBM-compatible NCCOM3-R7. The Doppler echocardiograms were registered using TOSHIBA-50.

[Genetic aspects of man's adaptation to long-term space flight].

Human genetics may play an important role in medical support of prolonged space flights, which raise serious life sciences questions: what is a normal response or, more specifically, what is norm or pathology. This is a problem of general biology and is related to genetic specificity of every organism. The theoretical basis of pertinent researches is general genetics and cytogenetics with their concepts about the structure and function of the eukaryotic genome.