[The morphofunctional cellular evaluation of liver and kidney in rats in dynamics of 6-month consumption of water produced with the use of noncontact activation after electrochemical treatment].

There were investigated morphofunctional indices of liver and kidney in male outbred rats in the dynamics of the 6-months consumption of water after its noncontact activation. There were studied 4 experimental groups of animals consumed waters named as "Anolyte" and in dependence on the activation time, 3 types of catholyte water ("Catholyte--5", "Catholyte--25", "Catholyte--40"). Moscow tap water settled for a week served as control.

[Prevalence and routes of transmission of pyloric Helicobacter infection. II. Transmission infection from an external source (literature review)].

Aim Of The Study: On the available reports to assess the possibility of the infection with pyloric Helicobacter (H.pylori) from external sources--via contaminated food and water. BASIC CONCEPTS: H.

[Scientific substantiation of perfection of sanitary bacteriological monitoring in drinking water use].

Criterion of the epidemic safety of drinking water is the absence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Currently, water quality control is performed in terms of the index of total coliform bacteria (TCB). TCB index oriented to the labile lactose sign has not sufficient relevance in the determination of the degree of the epidemic danger in the water use in relation to Salmonella and potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

[Prevalence and transmission pathways of the pyloric Helicobacter infection. Transmission from person to person (literature review)].

The purpose of review: analysis of the available in the literature data about the possible kinds and pathways of transmission of pyloric Helicobacter infection from person to person. Knowledge of these data is necessary for its prevention. Subjects--available literature, mainly English-language articles.

[Biochemical effects of chronic peroral administration of carbon nanotubes and activated charcoal in drinking water in rats].

Chronic 6-month experiment was carried out in rats, which received drinking water with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), diameter of 15-40 nm, length ≥ 2 mkm) or activated charcoal (AC, diameter of 10-100 mkm), blood samples of the animals were used for assessment of biochemical markers. Both coal compounds induced the appearance of signs of oxidative stress 2 weeks after the beginning of the experiment and alteration of serum markers of liver and renal damage, as well as changes of cortisol and protein serum concentrations later Thus, despite of known high (asbest-like) inhalation toxicity of carbon nanotubes in comparison with other carbon allotrops (fullerenes and black carbon), we have found similar effects of MWCNTs and carbon microparticles in orally treated rats.

[The concept of the development of the state of chemical-analytical environmental monitoring].

Chemical and analytical monitoring of the quality of environment is based on the accounting of the trace amount of substances. Considering the multicomponent composition of the environment and running processes of transformation of substances in it, in determination of the danger of the exposure to the chemical pollution of environment on population health there is necessary evaluation based on the simultaneous account of complex of substances really contained in the environment and supplying from different sources. Therefore, in the analytical monitoring of the quality and safety of the environment there is a necessary conversion from the orientation, based on the investigation of specific target substances, to estimation of real complex of compounds.

[The study of spatial distribution of Helicobacter pylori infection rate in able-bodied population of Moscow in the course of medical examination of the manufacturing contingents].

Unlabelled: Numerous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a leading etiologic factor in the development of chronic atrophic gastritis, one gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Effective prevention of gastroduodenal pathology requires the right information about its prevalence in the population and risk factors.

[Status and actualization of tasks to improve the scientific-methodological and regulatory frameworks in the field of human ecology and environmental health].

Contemporary factors that affect the health of the population have been analyzed. There was shown the growing activity of chemical pollution of the environment. Therefore, in order to prevent the growth of negative health and environment consequences caused by increased levels of exposure to chemicals preventive potential for solutions of this complex problem and all strenuous efforts to assist possibly of the sound management of the chemicals should be enhanced.

[Nonallergic hypersensitivity to environmental factors].

The prevalence and severity of manifestations of non-allergic hypersensitivity to chemical environmental factors pose the question about the need to study the mechanisms of its formation in population. It should be borne in mind that, in the absence of immunological mechanisms of formation of the mentioned state, the term "chemical sensitization" must be replaced by the term "non-allergic hypersensitivity." The investigation of this problem should permit to reduce the risk of formation of different types of hypersensitivity in population.

[Actual problems of genetic toxicology].

The review deals with current issues of genetic toxicology and aims to develop this science at the contemporary stage. We study general approaches to assessing the genotoxic and mutagenic activity of environmental factors; to constructing a regulatory system of chemical compounds that considers the mutagenic effect in Russia and abroad; and to determining modem methods for assessing the organ specificity of mutagens, alternative methods of genetic toxicology, the mutagenic action of various factors in the survey of population, and the abilities of toxicogenomics to identify the mutagenic properties of the environment.

[Substantiation of both safety indices for control over the use of chemicals for water disinfection and need to harmonize them with international requirements].

The domestic and also foreign indices applied for control over the safety of chemical disinfecting of water are considered. The data confirming need of extension of the list of legislatively approved indices are provided of water, efficiency and safety indicators, harmful impurity, transformation products. On the basis of the performed analysis of literature data and own investigations the following indices for inclusion in the processed.

[Characteristics of quantitative values of regional factors of exposure in the studied areas].

In the paper the results of a comparative evaluation of the Russian and the standard, recommended by US EPA, factors of population exposure in seven areas of different federal districts of Russia are presented. Concerning the adult population differences reach 3.5 times, for children (1-6 years) - 4.

[Approaches to the study of the role of water factor in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection].

For the present time it became apparent that Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is present in the surface water groundwater wells, in the water from water distribution system. WHO classifies Hp to a group of emerging pathogens for epidemiological surveillance of diseases associated with water. The study, of various aspects of the permeation of Hp into the body of water requires an integrated approach including microbiological, hygienic and epidemiological components.

[Updating the problems of human ecology and environmental health and the ways of solving them].

Displaying a variety of scientific areas studying the influence of the environment on human health, the state and modern issues of assessment of environmental quality, hygienic standardization of chemical and biological contamination, methodical support of sanitarian and health monitoring and risk assessment of pollution, environmental health, the need for improvement and harmonization with the international instruments of the legal and methodological framework for the protection of the human environment, of the development of a modern management system of her quality based on epidemiological methods for simulation, risk analysis, assessment of economic damage to the environment and health of the population, forming a new branch of medicine--medicine of environment.

[Parasitic factor and cancer].

There is opinion in the literature as to that liver trematode infections, such as opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, and metorchiasis, can induce cancer of the liver pancreas, intestine - this all is clinically observed. The authors were the first in world practice to show the development of a hepatic blastomatous process in animals (albino rats, cats) with opisthorchiasis in 13%; cancer developed in 28 and 56% with the use of a hepatotropic carcinogen and combined (opisthorchiasis + a carcinogen) exposure, respectively. Throughout his life, a human being can easily catch these trematodes that have carcinogenic activity and these diseases concurrent with household and food carcinogens can give rise to tumors in the liver pancreas and intestine.

[Genetic studies in environmental hygiene].

Genetic studies in environmental hygiene have been conducted in Russia since approximately 1965 and chiefly represented by those performed at the A. N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environment Hygiene in three areas: evaluation of the mutagenic activity of individual chemical compounds; identification of the summary mutagenic activity of chemical pollutants in the environmental objects; and that of mutagenic factors during examination of a population.

[Professor V. A. Arnol'dov--a hygienist, scientist, university teacher, and initiator of sanitation in Russia (on his 150th birthday)].

The paper gives Professor V. A. Arnoldov's brief bibliographic data pertaining to the development of sanitation and zemstvo medicine in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, and the Saratov Province.

[Application of food supplement, of a duilder-rose for prevention of stressful disturbance of physiological and biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes].

In the article results of researches of influence of food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose (Viburnum sargentii Koehne) on structural and physiological characteristics of erythrocytes are presented to blood of the doctors-surgeons who are exposed during of the working day to complex stressful influence (psychologic-emotional, chemical, intensity of labour process, etc). It is shown that preventive application a polyphenolic complex from a guelder-rose promoted restoration of average volume and diameter of erythrocytes, normalization of a parity of quantitative structure of neutral lipids and phospholipids, to preservation of permeability of membranes. The food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose can be used in a treatment and prophylactic feed.

[Scientific-and-methodic bases of the study, assessment, and regulation of biological factors in environmental hygiene].

The paper deals with the scientific-and-methodic problems in the study, assessment, and regulation of biological factors in various environmental objects. It describes the main lines and results of basic and applied studies of the impact of biological (bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal) environmental contaminations on the population's health. The methodological aspects in the regulation of biological contamination standards (direct sanitary indicators) for various environments (water, air, soil, habitats) and the scientific-and-methodic issues of prophylactic actions are considered to assure human epidemic safety.

[Prevention of abnormal physiological and biochemical characteristics of red blood cells in carbon disulfide intoxication].

Experimental studies were conducted on 4 groups of 10 rats each: 1) intact animals (a control group); 2) inhalation of carbon disulfide at a concentration of 2.0 mg/m3 for 7 days; 3) prophylactic administration of the hepatoprotective agent Legalon (100 mg/kg of total polyphenols), followed by carbon disulfide inhalation for 7 days; 4) prophylactic administration of the biologically active additive Kalifen (100 mg/kg of total polyphenols for 7 days), followed by carbon disulfide inhalation. Animal survival after carbon disulfide inhalation was 80%; preadministration of Legalon or Kalifen increased survival up to 100%.

[Hygienic bases for listing the indicators for evaluation and control of the safety of drinking water].

The authors describe their developed methodology to draw up lists for drinking water quality control on the whole territory of the Russian Federation and at specific waterworks of its subjects. The paper considers a 4-step scheme for applying the methodology and a possibility of its use to add and shorten the lists, by keeping in mind the local sanitary situation. The proposed scheme for listing the priority substances and indicators may be regarded as the optimal solution for equalization of mutually exclusive trends in the quality control of drinking water by a sanitary service and water canals and ensures its safety to human health, reasonably focusing attention only on the minimum of actually priority substances that are individual to each water supply system.

[Biologically active additives in health prophylaxis of medical workers].

The aim of the investigation was to use the biologically active additive (BAD) Kalifen to prevent metabolic disturbances in medical workers during their occupational activity. Female physicians aged 40-50 years were examined. Group 1 (control) included 20 age-matched healthy female donors.

[Microbial risk assessment to establish water quality-enteric infection morbidity relationships].

The authors have constructed a mathematical model for the cause-and-effect relationship between acute enteric infection (AEI) morbidity and the levels of water bacterial contamination and the properties of microorganisms. New procedures were proposed to calculate a risk for water-borne AEI depending on the sanitary-and hygienic conditions of water use and the degree of water contamination in the direct isolation of the causative agents of pathogenic and opportunistic infections, which allow the calculation and prediction of the occurrence of AEI at the individual and population levels.

[A comprehensive approach to the hygienic assessment of quality of life in pupils].

The problem of a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of major vital factors on the health of schoolchildren and students has been recently pressing. The paper contains the material obtained in the development of a comprehensive approach to the hygienic assessment of quality of life (QL) in pupils and young students. The findings enable one to state the fundamentals of the concept of a comprehensive approach to assessing QL in pupils, to introduce a new principle in the comparison of objective parameters with subjective ones, to prove the dynamics and variability of QL characteristics.