Intraoperative intraocular pressure changes during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: associations with perioperative and clinicopathological factors.

Background: Steep Trendelenburg position (ST) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) poses a risk of increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) in men receiving robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). The aim of the study was to identify clinicopathological factors associated with increased IOP during RARP.

Methods: We prospectively studied 59 consecutive prostate cancer patients without glaucoma.

Translational offsetting as a mode of estrogen receptor α-dependent regulation of gene expression.

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activity is associated with increased cancer cell proliferation. Studies aiming to understand the impact of ERα on cancer-associated phenotypes have largely been limited to its transcriptional activity. Herein, we demonstrate that ERα coordinates its transcriptional output with selective modulation of mRNA translation.

Limited significance of repeated long-term radiological and hormonal examination in nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas.

Purpose: The purposes of the present study were to evaluate growth rate of nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) and their development to hormonal hypersecretion on follow-up.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from the electronic medical records. A total of 314 patients were diagnosed with adrenal tumors between 2000 and 2016.

Enzalutamide-induced severe thrombocytopenia complicated by a seizure in a 76-year-old man with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Introduction: Adverse events with enzalutamide widely used for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer are of interest.

Case Presentation: A 76-year-old man developed castration-resistant prostate cancer. He received 160 mg of enzalutamide daily.

A carbon 21 steroidal metabolite from progestin, 20β-hydroxy-5α-dihydroprogesterone, stimulates the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.

Background: Clarifying the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PC) progression and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an urgent clinical issue. ADT influences steroidal metabolism in patients with PC and promotes the accumulation of carbon 21 steroids (C21s), such as progestin. Because the enzymes responsible for C21s metabolism are similar to those for androgen metabolism, PC cells may be able to metabolize C21s intracellularly.

[LEIOMYOSARCOMA OF THE OVARIAN VEIN WITH THE RENAL VEIN INVASION: A CASE REPORT].

A 56-year-old woman had complained of two year's consecutive left-side abdominal pain. Retroperitoneal tumor was diagnosed and the patient was referred to our institute in December 2014. Laboratory data including endocrinological activity and serological markers were within the normal ranges.

Dihydrotestosterone synthesis pathways from inactive androgen 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol in prostate cancer cells: Inhibition of intratumoural 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities by abiraterone.

Intratumoural dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis could be an explanation for castration resistance in prostate cancer (PC). By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we evaluated the intratumoral DHT synthesis from 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol), which is inactive androgen metabolized from DHT. 3β-diol had biochemical potential to be converted to DHT via three metabolic pathways and could stimulate PC cell growth.

A multicenter retrospective analysis of sequential treatment of abiraterone acetate followed by docetaxel in Japanese patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Objective: Abiraterone acetate and docetaxel are promising treatment options for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. However, the optimal sequencing of these agents is unclear, and no previous reports discuss Japanese metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. The purpose of this analysis is to reveal the outcomes of Japanese metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate followed by docetaxel.

Estrogen receptor alpha drives proliferation in PTEN-deficient prostate carcinoma by stimulating survival signaling, MYC expression and altering glucose sensitivity.

While high doses of estrogen, in combination with androgens, can initiate prostate cancer (PCa) via activation of the estrogen receptor α (ERα), the role of ERα in PCa cells within established tumors is largely unknown. Here we show that expression of ERα is increased in high grade human PCa. Similarly, ERα is elevated in mouse models of aggressive PCa driven by MYC overexpression or deletion of PTEN.

Androgen deprivation promotes intratumoral synthesis of dihydrotestosterone from androgen metabolites in prostate cancer.

Intratumoral synthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from precursors cannot completely explain the castration resistance of prostate cancer. We showed that DHT was intratumorally synthesized from the inactive androgen metabolites 5α-androstane-3α/β,17β-diol (3α/β-diol) in prostate cancer cells via different pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, long-term culture in androgen-deprived media increased transcriptomic expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (HSD17B6), a key enzyme of oxidative 3α-HSD that catalyzes the conversion of 3α-diol to DHT in prostate cancer cells.

Prediction of pathological and oncological outcomes based on extended prostate biopsy results in patients with prostate cancer receiving radical prostatectomy: a single institution study.

Background: The prediction of pathological outcomes prior to surgery remains a challenging problem for the appropriate surgical indication of prostate cancer. This study was performed to identify preoperative values predictive of pathological and oncological outcomes based on standardized extended prostate biopsies with core histological results diagrammed/mapped in patients receiving radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer clinically diagnosed as localized or locally advanced disease.

Methods: In 124 patients with clinically localized or locally advanced prostate cancer (cT1c-cT3a) without prior treatment, pathological outcomes on the surgical specimen including seminal vesicle involvement (SVI), positive surgical margin (PSM), and perineural invasion (PNI) were studied in comparison with clinical parameters based on the results of 14-core prostate biopsies comprising sextant, laterally-directed sextant, and bilateral transition zone (TZ) sampling.

Deficiency in androgens and upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 are involved in high bone turnover in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.

Objective: This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of high bone turnover during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in terms of osteogenic endocrine activity by testosterone, adrenal androgens, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and to identify markers reflecting the bone mineral density (BMD) during ADT.

Design: BMD and samples of blood and urine were studied before and after 6months of ADT in 70 patients with localized prostate cancer.

Results: Before ADT, serum free-testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, and IGF-I levels were correlated with BMD (rs=0.

Altered association of interleukin-6 with sex steroids in lipid metabolism disorder in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy.

Background: Interleukin-6 produced in adipose tissue plays a role in lipid metabolism, and also interacts with sex steroids. This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in terms of the association of interleukin-6 with sex steroids.

Methods: Seventy-two patients with localized prostate cancer were prospectively studied based on their body-composition and blood samples before and after ADT for 6 months.

External validation of the UCSF-CAPRA (University of California, San Francisco, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment) in Japanese patients receiving radical prostatectomy.

Objective: In 2005, the University of California, San Francisco developed the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (UCSF-CAPRA) score as a new risk stratification tool. The UCSF-CAPRA, which ranges from 0 to 10 points, consists of five clinical variables, prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, T stage, percent of positive biopsies and age. The aim of this study was to validate the UCSF-CAPRA score for Japanese prostate cancer patients receiving radical prostatectomy using the contemporary Gleason grading.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 is associated with regulation of the luteinizing hormone production in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for localized prostate cancer.

Background: Luteinizing hormone (LH) during androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) has been thought to be biologically inactive, and the regulation of LH during ADT with GnRHa is thus unknown. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, and IGF-1 production in the liver is dependent on growth hormone (GH) secretion from the anterior pituitary. Despite the presence of IGF-1 receptors in the gonadotroph, associations between the GH/IGF-1 and pituitary-gonadal axes, e.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is involved in regulation of androgen synthesis in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Purpose: We elucidated the regulatory mechanism of adrenal androgen synthesis and examined the influence of pituitary-adrenal axis activity on prostate specific antigen during androgen deprivation therapy.

Materials And Methods: A total of 72 patients with localized prostate cancer were prospectively studied based on blood samples before and after androgen deprivation therapy for 6 months. Serum pituitary hormones, androgens and prostate specific antigen were measured using highly sensitive assays.

Trilostane, an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, has an agonistic activity on androgen receptor in human prostate cancer cells.

The intracellular androgen metabolism and cell activity in prostate cancer cells with mutated (LNCaP-FGC) or wild-type (VCaP) androgen receptors in the presence of trilostane, an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were examined. Trilostane suppressed the intracellular production of androstenedione, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone in LNCaP-FGC cells. In both LNCaP-FGC and VCaP cell types, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in media were increased by trilostane alone in a concentration-dependent manner.

Serum prostate-specific antigen levels reflect the androgen milieu in patients with localized prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: Tumor malignant potential and androgen milieu.

Background: Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has a marked impact on the androgen milieu in vivo and outcomes of prostate cancer (PCa), it remains unclear which parameters reflect the androgen milieu during ADT or whether the milieu is associated with PCa aggressiveness.

Methods: Seventy-two patients with localized PCa were prospectively studied based on their blood samples before and after ADT for 6 months. Serum androgens and related values were measured.

Decline of the red blood cell count in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer: impact of ADT on insulin-like growth factor-1 and erythropoiesis.

Objectives: To elucidate the mechanism of blood hemoglobin loss in patients with prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and to examine the activity of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis during ADT, which plays an important role in hematopoiesis.

Methods: A total of 83 patients with localized prostate cancer, who received ADT, were prospectively studied on the basis of their blood samples at the baseline and after ADT for 6 months.

Results: Before ADT, the IGF-1 level was correlated with the red blood cell (RBC) count (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis [rs]=0.

Bone metabolic disorder in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): impact of ADT on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1/parathyroid hormone axis.

Background: Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with bone loss in patients with prostate cancer, its mechanism remains unclear. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis plays a critical role in bone synthesis, but its activity during ADT is also unknown.

Methods: Seventy-one patients with localized prostate cancer, who received ADT, were prospectively studied based on their bone mineral density (BMD) and blood and urine samples at the baseline and after ADT for 6 months.

Oncological results, functional outcomes and health-related quality-of-life in men who received a radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: a study on long-term patient outcome with risk stratification.

Health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) after a radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) has not been studied in conjunction with oncological outcomes in relation to disease risk stratification. Moreover, the long-term outcomes of these treatment approaches have not been studied. We retrospectively analyzed oncological outcomes between consecutive patients receiving RP (n=86) and EBRT (n=76) for localized prostate cancer.

Primary solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) in the retroperitoneum.

Background: Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an infrequent but distinct neoplasm, which generally arises from submesothelial connective tissue in the pleura. SFT is rarely recognized in extrathoracic sites, and histologically identical conditions have also been reported in the retroperitoneum, although their pathophysiology has not been extensively investigated.

Methods: We present four cases of primary SFT in the retroperitoneum, and review 37 similar cases in the previous literature.

Primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the retroperitoneum.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most frequent non-epithelial neoplasm in the gastrointestinal tract. GIST has received much attention both for its clinical significance and biological nature, while the retroperitoneal condition identical to GIST has been rarely described. Presented herein is a case of GIST arising from the retroperitoneum in a 67-year-old man.