A Proteolytic Site-Directed Affinity Label to Inhibit the Human ATP-Dependent Protease Caseinolytic Complex XP.

Human caseinolytic protease component X and P (hClpXP) is a heterooligomeric ATP-dependent protease. The hClpX subunit catalyzes ATP hydrolysis whereas the hClpP subunit catalyzes peptide bond cleavage. In this study, we generated a peptidyl chloromethyl ketone (dansyl-FAPAL-CMK) that inhibited the hClpP subunit through alkylation of the catalytic His122, which was detected by LC-MS.

Analysis of oxygen-18 labeled phosphate to study positional isotope experiments using LC-QTOF-MS.

A method is proposed in this paper for the determination of oxygen-18 labeled phosphate so that positional isotope experiments using sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-QTOF-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) experiments can be carried out. The positional isotope exchange technique is a useful tool in understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Detection of the positions and concentration of these exchanged isotopes is the key.

Utilization of Mechanistic Enzymology to Evaluate the Significance of ADP Binding to Human Lon Protease.

Lon, also known as Protease La, is one of the simplest ATP-dependent proteases. It is a homooligomeric enzyme comprised of an ATPase domain and a proteolytic domain in each enzyme subunit. Despite sharing about 40% sequence identity, human and Lon proteases utilize a highly conserved ATPase domain found in the AAA+ family to catalyze ATP hydrolysis, which is needed to activate protein degradation.

CODAS syndrome is associated with mutations of LONP1, encoding mitochondrial AAA+ Lon protease.

CODAS syndrome is a multi-system developmental disorder characterized by cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, and skeletal anomalies. Using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing, we identified four LONP1 mutations inherited as homozygous or compound-heterozygous combinations among ten individuals with CODAS syndrome. The individuals come from three different ancestral backgrounds (Amish-Swiss from United States, n = 8; Mennonite-German from Canada, n = 1; mixed European from Canada, n = 1).

Characterization of E. coli manganese superoxide dismutase binding to RNA and DNA.

Bacterial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been shown to localize to the chromosomal portion of the cell and impart protection from ionizing radiation to DNA. The binding affinity of bacterial MnSOD to non-sequence specific double stranded oligomeric DNA has been quantitated previously by nitrocellulose filter binding and gel shift assays. In the current study we have examined the equilibrium binding of Escherichia coli MnSOD to poly(U), poly(A), poly(C), poly(dU) and double-stranded (ds) DNA.

Processive degradation of unstructured protein by Escherichia coli Lon occurs via the slow, sequential delivery of multiple scissile sites followed by rapid and synchronized peptide bond cleavage events.

Processive protein degradation is a common feature found in ATP-dependent proteases. This study utilized a physiological substrate of Escherichia coli Lon protease known as the lambda N protein (λN) to initiate the first kinetic analysis of the proteolytic mechanism of this enzyme. To this end, experiments were designed to determine the timing of three selected scissile sites in λN approaching the proteolytic site of ELon and their subsequent cleavages to gain insight into the mechanism by which ATP-dependent proteases attain processivity in protein degradation.

Identification of a region in the N-terminus of Escherichia coli Lon that affects ATPase, substrate translocation and proteolytic activity.

Lon, also known as protease La, is an AAA+ protease machine that contains the ATPase and proteolytic domain within each enzyme subunit. Three truncated Escherichia coli Lon (ELon) mutants were generated based on a previous limited tryptic digestion result and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses performed in this study. Using methods developed for characterizing wild-type (WT) Lon, we compared the ATPase, ATP-dependent protein degradation and ATP-dependent peptidase activities.