Immune evasion through mitochondrial transfer in the tumour microenvironment.

Cancer cells in the tumour microenvironment use various mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly T cell attack. For example, metabolic reprogramming in the tumour microenvironment and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) impair antitumour immune responses. However, detailed mechanisms of such processes remain unclear.

Sporadic Breast Angiosarcoma With MYC Amplification on Extrachromosomal Circular DNA Detected Using Nanopore Sequencing in an Adolescent Female.

Angiosarcoma (AS) is a malignant vascular neoplasm comprising neoplastic endothelial cells accounting for 1%-4% of soft tissue sarcomas. While lymphedema-associated and post-irradiation ASs are almost always driven by a high-level amplification of MYC (8q24), sporadic ASs, including those of breast parenchymal origin, typically lack MYC amplification. Here, we report a case of sporadic breast MYC-amplified AS in a 19-year-old female with no history of lymphedema or irradiation, who was referred to our hospital for an enlarging right breast mass.

Nanopore DNA Sequencing Detected Chromothripsis-Induced PAFAH1B1::USP6 Rearrangement in Periosteal Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Initially Diagnosed as Osteosarcoma.

An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign bone neoplasm that typically occurs during the first and second decades of life. ABC usually presents as a rapidly growing intramedullary expansile mass with multiple blood-filled cysts in the metaphysis of the long tubular bones. Here, we report a case of a periosteal solid ABC that was initially diagnosed as a high-grade surface osteosarcoma.

A Case of Systemic Chemotherapy With Paclitaxel/Cisplatin Followed by Wide Local Vulvectomy in Pelvic Lymph Nodes-Related Stage IVB Vulvar Cancer.

Multimodality treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, have been evaluated to reduce the extent of resection and morbidity in patients with advanced vulvar cancer. Here, we report the case of a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with advanced vulvar cancer with inguinal and pelvic lymph node metastasis. She exhibited cancerous labia, which were entirely covered with ulcerated and exophytic lesions of squamous cell carcinoma, and underwent systemic chemotherapy consisting of combined paclitaxel-cisplatin.

Establishment and characterization of multiple patient-derived organoids from a case of advanced endometrial cancer.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) retain the original tumor's characteristics to a large degree and allow direct evaluation of the drug sensitivity, thereby emerging as a valuable resource for both basic and preclinical researches. Whereas most past studies stereotypically adopted a single PDO as an avatar of the patient, it remains to be investigated whether this assumption can be justified even for the tumor with spatial diversity. To address this issue, we established and characterized multiple PDOs originating from various sites of a patient with advanced uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS).

The diagnostic utility of cytology specimen in a case of EWSR1::NFATC2 sarcoma.

EWSR1::NFATC2 sarcoma, a rare round cell sarcoma constituting the majority of EWSR1::non-ETS sarcomas, has recently been defined in the latest WHO classification. To date, the cytological findings of EWSR1::NFATC2 sarcoma remain undocumented. We present the case of a 25-year-old man with a history of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in the right leg, referred to our hospital with left thigh pain.

Immunologic Significance of CD80/CD86 or Major Histocompatibility Complex-II Expression in Thymic Epithelial Tumors.

Introduction: Unresectable or recurrent thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) have a poor prognosis, and treatment options are limited. This study aimed to investigate the immunologic significance of CD80/CD86 or major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) expression in TETs, as potential predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Methods: We analyzed CD80, CD86, MHC class I (MHC-I), and MHC-II expression in TETs using immunohistochemistry and investigated their association with T-cell infiltration or ICI efficacy.

Multidisciplinary management for primary uterine osteosarcoma, including gene panel testing: case report and literature review.

Primary osteosarcoma of the uterus (uOS) is rare, and its standard treatment has not yet been established. Herein, we present the case of a 50-year-old woman with uOS who demonstrated an improved prognosis after multiple surgeries to the metastatic sites. After the initial diagnosis of uOS, the patient showed recurrence and distant metastasis and hence expected to exhibit a poor prognosis.

Derivation of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma cell line HS-1 as a patient-derived tumor organoid.

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is a malignant tumor of the exocrine cell lineage with a poor prognosis. Due to its rare incidence and technical difficulties, few authentic human cell lines are currently available, hampering detailed investigations of ACC. Therefore, we applied the organoid culture technique to various types of specimens, such as bile, biopsy, and resected tumor, obtained from a single ACC patient.

Anomalous fluctuations of renewal-reward processes with heavy-tailed distributions.

For renewal-reward processes with a power-law decaying waiting time distribution, anomalously large probabilities are assigned to atypical values of the asymptotic processes. Previous works have revealed that this anomalous scaling causes a singularity in the corresponding large deviation function. In order to further understand this problem, we study in this article the scaling of variance in several renewal-reward processes: counting processes with two different power-law decaying waiting time distributions and a Knudsen gas (a heat conduction model).

Transcriptomic analysis reveals high ITGB1 expression as a predictor for poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer.

Transcriptomic analysis of cancer samples helps identify the mechanism and molecular markers of cancer. However, transcriptomic analyses of pancreatic cancer from the Japanese population are lacking. Hence, in this study, we performed RNA sequencing of fresh and frozen pancreatic cancer tissues from 12 Japanese patients to identify genes critical for the clinical pathology of pancreatic cancer among the Japanese population.

Machine learning with imaging features to predict the expression of ITGAV, which is a poor prognostic factor derived from transcriptome analysis in pancreatic cancer.

Radiogenomics has attracted attention for predicting the molecular biological characteristics of tumors from clinical images, which are originally a collection of numerical values, such as computed tomography (CT) scans. A prediction model using genetic information is constructed using thousands of image features extracted and calculated from these numerical values. In the present study, RNA sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues from 12 patients was performed to identify genes useful in evaluating clinical pathology, and 107 PDAC samples were immunostained to verify the obtained findings.

Treatment Strategy for Patients with HR-Positive HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer That Progressed on CDK4/6 Inhibitors.

Background/aims: The study aim was to evaluate if mTOR inhibitors can be considered as a treatment option for HR+ HER2- metastatic breast cancer (MBC) after progression on CDK4/6 inhibitors in clinical practice.

Methods: We retrospectively collected the clinicopathological data of patients with HR+ HER2- MBC treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors and subsequent therapies at our institution between 2014 and 2020. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the type of subsequent treatment: (A) exemestane plus everolimus, (B) endocrine monotherapy, and (C) chemotherapy.

Synchronous early-stage breast cancer and axillary follicular lymphoma diagnosed by core needle biopsy: A case report.

Synchronous double cancers are an infrequent finding. The focus of this study was a case of diagnosed synchronous double breast cancer (BC) and axillary (Ax) follicular lymphoma (FL). The patient was a 73-year-old woman who had been visiting her local doctor for follow-up of a fibroadenoma of the left breast, and was referred to our hospital after being diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the left breast.

Prediction of the differences in tumor mutation burden between primary and metastatic lesions by radiogenomics.

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is gaining attention as a biomarker for responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients. In this study, we evaluated the status of TMB in primary and liver metastatic lesions in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, the status of TMB in primary and liver metastatic lesions was inferred by radiogenomics on the basis of computed tomography (CT) images.

Surgical resection of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) with jejunal perforation, a suspected case of metastasis of lung cancer.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) in the gastrointestinal tract is rare. According to the diagnostic criteria after the World Health Organization 2013 reclassification, there has been only one case of UPS with perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. A 71-year-old man who was undergoing outpatient chemotherapy at the department of respiratory medicine of our hospital for lung cancer and brain metastasis, was admitted to our hospital with sudden high fever and abdominal pain.

Stochastic order parameter dynamics for phase coexistence in heat conduction.

We propose a stochastic order parameter model for describing phase coexistence in steady heat conduction near equilibrium. By analyzing the stochastic dynamics with a nonequilibrium adiabatic boundary condition, where total energy is conserved over time, we derive a variational principle that determines thermodynamic properties in nonequilibrium steady states. The resulting variational principle indicates that the temperature of the interface between the ordered region and the disordered region becomes greater (less) than the equilibrium transition temperature in the linear response regime when the thermal conductivity in the ordered region is less (greater) than that in the disordered region.

CA19-9-producing esophageal adenocarcinoma originating from the esophageal cardia of the mid-thoracic esophagus: a case report.

Background: Although there are many studies on primary esophageal adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's esophagus or ectopic gastric mucosa, reports on adenocarcinoma arising from esophageal cardiac glands are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of mid-thoracic cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)-producing primary esophageal adenocarcinoma, which presumably originated from the cardiac glands.

Case Presentation: A 74-year-old man was referred to our department with advanced esophageal cancer, which initially presented with dyspepsia.

Probing the tumorigenic potential of genetic interactions reconstituted in murine fallopian tube organoids.

Genetically engineered mice have been the gold standard in modeling tumor development. Recent studies have demonstrated that genetically engineered organoids can develop subcutaneous tumors in immunocompromised mice, at least for organs that prefer predominant driver mutations for tumorigenesis. To further substantiate this concept, the fallopian tube (FT), a major cell of origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), which almost invariably carries TP53 mutations, was investigated for p53 inactivation-driven tumorigenesis.

MCT4 is induced by metastasis-enhancing pathogenic mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase gene mutations and can be a therapeutic target.

Pathogenic mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (ND) gene mutations enhance the invasion and metastasis of various cancer cells, and they are associated with metastasis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Moreover, monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is overexpressed in solid cancers and plays a role in cancer cell proliferation and survival. Here, we report that MCT4 is exclusively expressed in mouse transmitochondrial cybrids with metastasis-enhancing pathogenic ND6 mutations.