Countrywide population movement monitoring using mobile devices generated (big) data during the COVID-19 crisis.

Mobile phones have been used to monitor mobility changes during the COVID-19 pandemic but surprisingly few studies addressed in detail the implementation of practical applications involving whole populations. We report a method of generating a "mobility-index" and a "stay-at-home/resting-index" based on aggregated anonymous Call Detail Records of almost all subscribers in Hungary, which tracks all phones, examining their strengths and weaknesses, comparing it with Community Mobility Reports from Google, limited to smartphone data. The impact of policy changes, such as school closures, could be identified with sufficient granularity to capture a rush to shops prior to imposition of restrictions.

Long-term, repeated measurements of mouse cortical microflow at the same region of interest with high spatial resolution.

A method for long-term, repeated, semi-quantitative measurements of cerebral microflow at the same region of interest (ROI) with high spatial resolution was developed and applied to mice subjected to focal arterial occlusion. A closed cranial window was chronically implanted over the left parieto-occipital cortex. The anesthetized mouse was placed several times, e.

Automated method for tracking vast numbers of FITC-labeled RBCs in microvessels of rat brain in vivo using a high-speed confocal microscope system.

High-speed camera investigation of rapidly moving red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvasculature has been limited by an inability to handle the vast volume of data. We have developed a novel method to analyze large numbers of RBC images captured by a high-resolution, high-speed camera fitted on a confocal fluorescence microscope, to determine the velocities of individual RBCs in capillaries in vivo. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RBCs flowing in the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex of urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats were recorded through the skull window on video clips during specified periods at high frame rates (500 fps).

Capillo-venous flow in the brain: significance of intravascular RBC aggregation for venous flow regulation.

Despite numerous reports on the regulation of cerebral arterial blood flow, little work has been done on that of the capillary and venous system. We have examined capillo-venous blood flow in the rat intraparenchymal cerebral cortex, employing a high-speed video confocal fluorescence microscope and our own software (KEIOIS-2) to track individual RBCs and to document velocity changes in single capillaries and veins. We found temporal and spatial heterogeneous changes in capillary RBC density (hematocrit), RBC recruitment, oscillation of capillary flow or vasomotion, and capillary density unrelated to arteriolar diametric changes.

Initial oligemia with capillary flow stop followed by hyperemia during K+-induced cortical spreading depression in rats.

Local cerebral blood volume (CBV) and capillary flow changes in regions of depolarizing neurons during K(+)-induced cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the cerebral cortex of alpha-chloralose-urethane-anesthetized rats were examined employing a transillumination (550 nm) video system. Capillary flow was calculated as the reciprocal of mean transit times of blood in pixels of 40 microm x 40 microm, each of which contains a few capillaries. Potassium microinjection into the cortex evoked repetitive wave-ring spreads of oligemia at a speed of ca.

Moment analysis of microflow histogram in focal ischemic lesion to evaluate microvascular derangement after small pial arterial occlusion in rats.

The authors' high-spatial-resolution optical method was used to examine microvascular derangement in a focal cerebral cortex lesion in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose-urethane. A pial artery (approximately 40- to 50 microm diameter) was occluded by laser-beam cauterization (n = 6). Diluted carbon black suspension was injected into the internal carotid artery, and images in a 2-mm x 2-mm region of interest during tissue dye-dilution were recorded.

Repetitive concentric wave-ring spread of oligemia/hyperemia in the sensorimotor cortex accompanying K(+)-induced spreading depression in rats and cats.

Vascular changes accompanying spreading depression (SD) remain controversial. We examined dynamic alterations of local cerebral blood volume (CBV) during SD by observing light transmission at an isosbestic point of hemoglobin (550 nm) in seven rats and five cats under alpha-chloralose/urethane anesthesia. The two species were used for comparison between the lissencephalic and gyrencephalic brains.