Explorative gene analysis of antibiotic tolerance-related genes in adherent and biofilm cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Background: Antibiotic tolerance has attracted worldwide attention, as it leads to chronic, refractory, and persistent infections that are difficult to control. Bacterial biofilms are well known to be more tolerant to antibiotics compared to planktonic bacteria. We previously revealed that adherent bacteria on a solid surface also exhibited tolerance to antibiotics before forming a biofilm.