Patient-Specific Bone Multiscale Modelling, Fracture Simulation and Risk Analysis-A Survey.

This paper provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners from biology, medicine, physics and engineering who can benefit from an up-to-date literature survey on patient-specific bone fracture modelling, simulation and risk analysis. This survey hints at a framework for devising realistic patient-specific bone fracture simulations. This paper has 18 sections: presents the main interested parties; explains the organzation of the text; motivates further work on patient-specific bone fracture simulation; motivates this survey; concerns the collection of bibliographical references; motivates the physico-mathematical approach to bone fracture; presents the modelling of bone as a continuum; categorizes the surveyed literature into a continuum mechanics framework; concerns the computational modelling of bone geometry; concerns the estimation of bone mechanical properties; concerns the selection of boundary conditions representative of bone trauma; concerns bone fracture simulation; presents the multiscale structure of bone; concerns the multiscale mathematical modelling of bone; concerns the experimental validation of bone fracture simulations; concerns bone fracture risk assessment.