Editorial for Special Issue "Antibiotic Combination Therapy: A Strategy to Overcome Bacterial Resistance".

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have emerged as a critical global health threat, challenging the efficacy of existing antibiotics and undermining advances in modern medicine [...

The context of bla gene in Iraqi carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonging to global clone 1 and global clone 2.

Background And Objectives: Of the genes conferring resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii, the bla gene is the most widely found across the world. The gene carrying bla transposons in A. baumannii isolates of global clones GC1 and GC2 is found worldwide.

The secrets of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa in slaughterhouses: Antibiogram profile, virulence, and antibiotic resistance genes.

Environmental pollution is a serious problem that can cause sicknesses, fatality, and biological contaminants such as bacteria, which can trigger allergic reactions and infectious illnesses. There is also evidence that environmental pollutants can have an impact on the gut microbiome and contribute to the development of various mental health and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to study the antibiotic resistance and virulence potential of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.

COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis among ICU patients: risk factors, control, and challenges.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is still difficult to be controlled. The spread of this virus and the emergence of new variants are considered a great challenge worldwide. Disturbance in infection control guidelines implementation, use of steroids, antibiotics, hospital crowdedness, and repeated use of oxygen masks during the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients lead to an increase in the rate of opportunistic infections.

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Infections.

An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast called has a high potential to spread quickly among hospitalized patients and immunodeficient patients causing nosocomial outbreaks. It has the potential to cause pandemic outbreaks in about 45 nations with high mortality rates. Additionally, the fungus has become resistant to decontamination techniques and can survive for weeks in a hospital environment.

Anti-capsular activity of CuO nanoparticles against Acinetobacter baumannii produce efflux pump.

Copper oxide nanoparticles are modern kinds of antimicrobials, which may get a lot of interest in the clinical application. This study aimed to detect the anti-capsular activity of CuO nanoparticles against Acinetobacter baumannii produce efflux pump. Thirty-four different clinical A.

Binary CuO\CoO nanoparticles inhibit biofilm formation and reduce the expression of papC and fimH genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca.

Background And Aim: Binary copper-cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CuO\CoO NPs) are modern kinds of antimicrobials, which may get a lot of interest in clinical application. This study aimed to detect the effect of the binary CuO\CoO NPs on the expression of papC and fimH genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca to reduce medication time and improve outcomes.

Methods: Ten isolates of K.

Spread of ESβL-producing Escherichia coli and the anti-virulence effect of graphene nano-sheets.

Despite the studies worldwide, the prevalence of ESβL E. coli in the Iraq is still unknown. Realization of the demographic characterization of ESβL E.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts against Some Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Raw and Processed Meat.

Background And Aim: The poultry meat and its products are considered ideal media for bacterial growth and spoilage, as they are highly nutritive with a favorable pH. The food industry has focused its attention on a great diversity of plant species as food preservatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of ,  , and in food samples and to evaluate of the antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts against these bacteria.

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii as an emerging concern in hospitals.

Acinetobacter baumannii has become a major concern for scientific attention due to extensive antimicrobial resistance. This resistance causes an increase in mortality rate because strains resistant to antimicrobial agents are a major challenge for physicians and healthcare workers regarding the eradication of either hospital or community-based infections. These strains with emerging resistance are a serious issue for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Antibiofilm and antivirulence potential of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

We aimed to isolate Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) from wound infections, determine their resistance and virulence profile, and assess the impact of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the bacterial growth, virulence and biofilm-related gene expression. AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy.

Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review.

At the present time, the polymyxin antibiotic colistin is considered a last-line treatment option for severe human infections caused by multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Lately, the vast spread of colistin resistance among bacteria has got great attention worldwide due to its significant role as the last refuge in treating diseases caused by the resistant infectious agents. Therefore, the discovery of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes raised global public health concerns as they can spread by horizontal transfer and have chances of global dissemination.

Detection of gyrA and parC Mutations and Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in .

Background And Aim: Recently, the extensive use of quinolones led to increased resistance to these antimicrobial agents, with different rates according to the organism and the geographical region. The aim of this study was to detect the resistance rate of Iraqi isolates toward quinolone antimicrobial agents, to determine genetic mutations in and , to screen for efflux-pump activity, and to screen the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes.

Methods: Forty-three isolates were confirmed phenotypically and genotypically by Vitek 2 system and species specific primers by PCR using the targeting gene followed by sequencing.

Biosensors as a future diagnostic approach for COVID-19.

Biosensors are important devices in clinical diagnostics, food processing, and environmental monitoring for detecting various analytes, especially viruses. These biosensors provide rapid and effective instruments for qualitative and quantitative detection of infectious diseases in real-time. Here, we report the development of biosensors based on various techniques.

Distribution of Pantoea agglomerans isolates and molecular detection of bla ESβL gene: A statistical study.

The Purpose: to study the distribution of Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans) statistically and the presence of bla type ESβL in the clinical and environmental isolates.

Methods: During a period of 2014-2015, 895 blood specimens and 438 hospital environmental samples were collected from one children's hospital in Baghdad city.

T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells in colorectal cancer: A complex interplay.

Colorectal cancer is considered to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. T Follicular helper (T) and T follicular regulatory (T) cells are specialized providers of T-cells to help B-cells and shaping germinal centers (GC) response. Recent researches reported a high percentage of T and T in different infectious diseases and certain malignancies.

Prevalence of Genes Involved in Colistin Resistance in First Report from Iraq.

Colistin is increasingly being used as a "last-line" therapy to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, when essentially no other options are available in these days. The aim of this study was to detect genes associated with colistin resistance in . One hundred twenty-one isolates of were collected from clinical and environmental samples during 2016 to 2018 in Baghdad.

Does vitamin D status correlate with insulin resistance in obese prediabetic patients? An Egyptian multicenter study.

Background: The link between Vitamin-D deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well-established. Since prediabetic obese populations have the greatest risk to develop to T2D, it was important in our study to examine serum 25(OH) D3 concentration among prediabetic obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between serum level of vitamin D and BMI, FBS, HOMA IR and HbA1c among prediabetes patients.

Methods: A multicenter case control study was carried out among 101 prediabetic persons & 50 controls, after obtaining consent from subjects and clearance from institutional ethics committee.

Broad-Spectrum Bioactivity of Chitosan N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase (Chitosan NAGH) Extracted from .

The genus has species with strains that produce Chitosan N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase (NAGH), a hydrolytic enzyme. A novel bacterium, , was characterized as producing Chitosan NAGH. This study further examine its antibiofilm properties and its possible uses against biofilm-producing bacteria.

A Novel Genetic Determination of a Lectin Gene in Iraqi Isolates and Use of Purified Lectin as an Antibiofilm Agent.

Background: Lectin was initially called hemagglutinin or agglutinin because of its capacity to agglutinate human as well as human erythrocytes. They are a heterogeneous group of proteins or glycoproteins of nonimmune origin. Because of their chemical properties, they have become a useful tool in several fields such as immunology, cell biology, molecular biology, membrane structure, pharmacology, cancer research, clinical chemistry, and genetic engineering.

Screening, nutritional optimization and purification for phytase produced by Enterobacter aerogenes and its role in enhancement of hydrocarbons degradation and biofilm inhibition.

In this study, a novel isolate of Enterobacter aerogenes isolated from contaminated soils with hydrocarbons had extracellular phytate-degrading activity. Enterobacter aerogenes isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by16S rRNA gene products (amplified size 211bp) for genotypic detection. The phytase activity was reached to maximum activity when this isolate was cultivated under the optimal conditions which consisted of using minimal salt medium containing 1%(w/v) rice bran as a sole source for carbon and 2% (w/v) yeast extract at pH 5.

The effect of immune modulation of Streptococcus constellatus SC10 strain upon Acinetobactor baumannii infection.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a tiny, plump and rod-shaped Gram-negative coccobacillus, notorious as an opportunistic pathogen, which is now being considered by CDC as a serious public health threat. Preventing colonization may be a better therapeutic choice using microbiota to protect against A. baumannii transmission.

Acinetobacter baumannii virulence is enhanced by the combined presence of virulence factors genes phospholipase C (plcN) and elastase (lasB).

The ability of multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii to persist in any circumstances regard to the acquisition of many virulence factors genes and antibiotic resistance genes is major concern in the hospitals environments. In this study, thirty A. baumannii isolates were collected from blood infections from hospitalized patients were subjected to screening for virulence factors genes plcN and lasB by conventional PCR.