The distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and dendritic-like cells of the anal tonsil in the laboratory shrew, Suncus murinus.

We investigated the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and S-100 protein-immunoreactive dendritic-like in the anal tonsil of the laboratory shrew, Suncus murinus. In adult animals, T lymphocytes were located mainly at the periphery of the anal tonsil, especially around small blood vessels. B lymphocytes were located in the central and subepithelial region of the anal tonsil, which includes primary lymphoid follicles, and in which there are small numbers of scattered T lymphocytes.

Light and electron microscopic observation of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the locus coeruleus of the hamster.

The authors previously demonstrated that intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (1-3 microm) in the mouse locus coeruleus under light and electron microscopy are characteristically stained using the Holmes modified method. We reported that one inclusion body existed in almost all neurons of the locus coeruleus. The present study examined whether similar inclusion bodies are present in the Syrian hamster (weight, about 60 g).

Fine structure of the anal tonsilliar epithelium in the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus).

The epithelium of the anal tonsil of the laboratory shrew was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, with particular attention focused on the structure of the epithelium lining the anal tonsillar crypt. The tonsillar crypt surface is lined by two kinds of epithelia: squamous epithelium, which is located mainly at the neck of the crypt and includes keratohyalin granules in the superficial layer, and reticular epithelium, which is invaded by many immigrating cells and has several micropores immigrating cells to pass through. In addition, basal granulated cells are present in the basal layer.

Cellular localization of endocrine cells in the adult pancreas of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus: a comparative immunocytochemical study.

The right and left lobes of the pancreas in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, were found to be completely separated. A morphologic study of the pancreas in S. murinus in terms of the blood supplies and innervation of the right and left lobes was performed in our previous study.

Blood supply to the retina and the lens in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

The blood supply to the retina and the lens in 32 gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of both sexes from infancy to maturity was studied under light and stereoscopic microscopes, and a scanning electron microscope. Mercox (CL-2R; Dai Nippon Ink, Tokyo, Japan) was injected into the left ventricle of 30 animals in order to visualize the blood supply to the retina and the lens from the ophthalmic artery. The central retinal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery, passes through the papilla of the optic nerve together with the central retinal vein and penetrates the vitreous space (cavity of the eye) between the lens and the internal limiting membrane of the retina, where it divides into the central branches covering the lens and the parietal branches to supply the retina.

Developmental study of the anal tonsil in the laboratory shrew, Suncus murinus.

The laboratory shrew, Suncus murinus, which lacks such gut associated lymph organs as the appendix and Peyer's plates, was recently demonstrated (Kubo and Isomura, 1996) to possess a pair of anal tonsils at the end of its rectum. The present paper deals with the development of this lymphoid organ as observed by light and electron microscopy. The anal tonsil was characterized by the initial postnatal development.

Morphological features of the spermatic cord in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) with special reference to extratesticular Leydig cells.

Morphological features of the testicular artery and vein in the spermatic cord of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were evaluated by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, corrosion cast technique combined with scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The vascular architecture in the spermatic cord of the musk shrew was simple. The testicular artery in the musk shrew was straight and accompanied by 1 to 3 branches of testicular vein.

Increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein fragments in the spinal cord of motor neuron degeneration mutant mouse.

We analyzed protein fractions extracted from the spinal cord of the motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mouse, a mutant that exhibits progressive degeneration of lower spinal motor neurons, by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) after solubilization of the tissue with medium containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-urea during growth of the animal, in comparison with those of age-matched controls (C57BL/6). Several protein spots were detected around a region of pI 5.6-6.

Blood supply to the retina in the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus).

The blood supply to both retinae was studied light microscopically and by scanning electron microscopy in 48 adult laboratory shrews (Suncus murinus) of both sexes. Thirty-eight of the animals were injected into the left ventricle with Neoprene latex (Du Pont. 601A) or with Mercox (Dai Nippon Ink Ltd.

Coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin in the raphe nucleus of the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus) during postnatal life.

Immunoreactivity (IR) of tyrosine hydoroxylase (TH), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine (CA) synthesis, was observed in the serotonergic neurons of the raphe nucleus (RN) of the newborn laboratory shrew from postnatal day (P) 0 to P14. Using an immunohistochemical method involving highly specific antibodies produced in our laboratory, we found that these RN neurons were TH-, GTP cyclohydrolase I-, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive, but DOPA- and dopamine-immunonegative. In addition, they were tryptophan-, 5-hydroxytryptophan- and serotonin-immunoreactive.

Presence and structure of anal and vaginal tonsils in the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus).

In all the laboratory shrews (Suncus murinus) examined, a pair of tonsil-like structures was found at the boundary between the anus and the ostium urogenitoanalis. Moreover, the same tissues were recognized between the vagina and the ostium urogenitoanalis in 9 of the 13 females examined. They indicated clear epitheliolymphocyte symbiosis around both mucosal crypts (anal and vaginal crypts) and outer lymph nodules including the germinal centers, and were demarcated from other tissues by the fibrous capsule.

Chemical features of monoaminergic and non-monoaminergic neurons in the brain of laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus) are changed by systemic administration of monoamine precursors.

5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus).

Phenotypic changes of AADC-only immunopositive premammillary neurons in the brain of laboratory shrew Suncus murinus by systemic administration of monoamine precursors.

After 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) were injected i.p. in the laboratory shrew Suncus murinus, immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence studies were conducted on continuous or same sections of the brain, using specific anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), anti-aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), anti-dopamine (DA) and anti-serotonin (5-HT) antisera which were produced in our laboratory.

Measurement of dopa and immunolocalization of L-dopa-positive nerve fibers in rat dental pulp.

dopa, norepinephrine, and traces of dopamine, epinephrine were present in in rat dental pulp. L-dopa was localized in nerve fibers in dental pulp. The results suggest that L-dopa-positive nerve fibers are present in dental pulp as well as classical adrenergic fibers.

Cajal-Retzius neurons identified by GABA immunohistochemistry in layer I of the rat cerebral cortex.

By means of immunohistochemistry using anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antibodies, characteristic neurons of pyriform, bipolar or pleomorphic shapes, regarded as the Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons, were clearly demonstrated in layer I of the rat cerebral cortex at the various experimental periods. On embryonic day 15, ovoid neurons only in the marginal zone indicated immunoreactivity for GABA. They gradually extended thick processes often in parallel with the pial surface and formed a dense GABA fiber network in immature layer I during the early postnatal periods.

Blood supply to the cranial venae cavae and the heart in the laboratory shrew (Suncus murinus).

The blood supply to the cranial venae cavae on both sides and to the heart was studied macroscopically in 40 adult laboratory shrews (Suncus murinus) of both sexes injected either with Neoprene latex into the abdominal aorta (25 animals) or with Mercox into the left ventricle (15 animals). The 1st branch of the left subclavian artery in 23 animals of the 1st group ramified caudal to the aortic arch and descended between the aorta and the trachea to supply mainly the large left cranial vena cava that lay on the dorsal surface of the left atrium, while a branch that arose between the 1st and 2nd intercostal arteries on the right in 25 animals supplied the right cranial vena cava caudally after giving rise to a branch to the oesophagus. In 2 animals the artery to the left vena cava arose directly from the thoracic aorta at the level of the 4th intercostal artery and then followed the course described above.

Production of specific antibody against L-dopa and its ultrastructural localization of immunoreactivity in the house-shrew (Suncus murinus) lateral habenular nucleus.

An antiserum was raised against L-DOPA bound to bovine serum albumin, purified by affinity chromatography, and its specificities were verified by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antiserum did not cross-react with dopamine (DA), tyrosine, tyramine, octopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine. Immunocytochemical studies using the PAP method revealed that tyrosine hydroxylase- and L-DOPA positive but aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase- and DA-negative neurons were present in the lateral habenular nucleus of the house-shrew (Suncus murinus) brain.

Three types of neurons in the medial cuneate nucleus of the cat.

A combined study utilizing Golgi-EM and gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of 3 types of neurons in the cat medial cuneate nucleus. The 2 GABA-immunonegative neuron types were characterized by numerous and richly arborized dendritic processes; they were abundant in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and other cell organelles, and the perikarya were heavily covered by axosomatic terminal boutons. Their large neuron type (35 +/- 3 micron diameter) exhibited thick and bifurcating dendrites, whereas the dendrites of the smaller (28 +/- 3 micron) immunonegative nerve cell were more or less radially oriented.

Ramified pelves and their blood supply of the horseshoe kidney in 2 Japanese.

Gross anatomy of the horseshoe kidney in 2 Japanese patients clarified that the long renal pelvis consists of 4 funnel-shaped tubes (Pelvis renalis ramificata) in the hilus opening in the ventral direction, and that the 4th tube can drain half of the isthmus. The renal artery, on the other hand, divided into 2 dorsal and ventral branches around the long pelvis in the hilus, the latter of which gave rise to the branches to the first and second tubes, but the former the branch to the third. Another artery arose from the lower portion of the abdominal aorta to supply the 4th tube in the half of the isthmus.

Absence of the central canal and its obliterative process in the house shrew spinal cord (Suncus murinus).

Through studies of the spinal cord in a large series of the developmental stages of embryos, infant and adult house shrews (Suncus murinus), the central canal provided with ependymal cells was, using the light and electron microscopes, observed to disappear. The canal was obliterated completely from the level of the area postrema to the end of the spinal cord in the infant and adult animals and remained unreformed, the cause being entirely due to spontaneous cell death of ependymal cells lining the central canal during days 22 of gestation to 5 d after birth. Cell degeneration was marked by an increase in electron density of the cytoplasm, lysosomes prominent increase in number, and in later stages, by necrotic fragmentation of ependymal cells, which fragments were phagocytized and digested by macrophages, and microglias were observed in the empty spaces.

Constitution of the greater splanchnic nerve in the rat.

The greater splanchnic nerve originating from the sympathetic ganglia between the 10th and 12th ribs on the dorsal thoracic wall passes through the diaphragm between its medial and lateral erura, to form the celiac plexus around the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery in the abdominal cavity. The nerve consists of about 10,000 of nerve fibers and of 25,000 of ganglion cells in its whole length of 2.5 cm; nerve fibers can be divided into myelinated fibers, accounting for less than 6% of total numbers, and unmyelinated fibers, which amount to more 90%.

Degeneration of the greater splanchnic nerve by operation.

By 1 d after unilateral ligation or severance of the greater splanchnic nerve in the rat immediately caudal to the diaphragm, mitochondrial swelling, lysosomal multiplication and an increase in electron density in axoplasm combined to form a debris of axoplasm in unmyelinated fibers, and both shrinkage and disintegration of myelin occurred in myelinated fibers in the distal stump of the nerve operated upon. By 2 d after operation, the nerve had shrunk to 2 third its original diameter, and most of the nerve fibers except for prominent thick myelinated fibers had dissolved into fatty droplets or other bodies, which were phagocytized by Schwann cells. The degenerated parts adjacent to ligation were then completely replaced by many fibroblasts and numerous collagenous fibers, and the ganglion cells which escaped from direct injury by operation, survived with a remarkable number of free ribosomes and many autophagic lysosomes dispersed within their cytoplasms, together with intact axon terminals, while a few myelinated and several unmyelinated fibers also underwent degeneration at the proximal stumpf of the nerve.

Osteology of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus).

In the present study using 29 adult musk shrew of both sexes, most findings were identified to be similar to those by Sharma (1958) on the osteology , and there was no remarkable difference between skeletal structure of wild musk shrew in India and that of breeding species in Japan except the number of the vertebra lumbalis and existance of the dens caninus . However, it was elucidated that the os articulare coccygis like H-letter in shape is characteristic for this animal, and shows 17 components as many between interspace ventral to the adjacent os coccygis , and that there exists the proc. spinosus appendicularis nominated newly over the vertebra thoracica II, which plays significant role to head and neck as origin or insertion for strong m.

Comparative anatomy of the extrinsic ocular muscles in vertebrates.

Comparative anatomy of the orbita throughout various vertebrates revealed that the extrinsic ocular muscles vary in shape and number, and it was suggested that the original form of the 3 straight (superior, inferior, and temporalis) and one oblique (superior) muscles serve to conduct their components into various types of differentiation and degeneration. Differentiation of the extrinsic ocular muscles from 4 origins seems to depend both on early independence of the M. obliquus inferior and M.

Fine structural organization of the lateral horn of the rat spinal cord as studied by glyoxylic acid-permanganate fixation.

A method combining glyoxylic acid perfusion with potassium permanganate postfixation revealed a moderate number of characteristic axon terminals including noradrenaline storage granules in the rat thoracic segmental lateral horn (Th1, Th3, Th6, Th9, Th12). The region showed two kinds of cells: the one (principal cell) was characterized by a remarkably indented nucleus, many mitochondria and long endoplasmic reticulum, and the other by markedly developed short endoplasmic reticulum to increase its cytoplasmic density. The axon terminals observed on lateral horn cells could be roughly divided into four types depending upon the shape and size of the synaptic vesicles included and their contents: type I contained many small and a few large granular vesicles.