Albuminuria as a biomarker of severity in diabetic retinopathy and in the response to intravitreal treatment in diabetic macular edema.

Purpose: Diabetic macular edema (DME) presents a suboptimal response to antiangiogenic treatment in approximately 30% of patients. We analyzed the relationship between renal function and response to antiangiogenic therapy in patients with DME.

Methods: A total of 367 patients were collected and distributed into three main groups: uncomplicated diabetic retinopathy (DR) group (n = 97), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group (n = 94) and DME group (n = 175).

Pituitary Disease in Mutation-Positive Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma (FIPA): A Kindred-Based Overview.

Clinically-relevant pituitary adenomas occur in about 1:1000 of the general population, but only about 5% occur in a known genetic or familial setting. Familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) are one of the most important inherited settings for pituitary adenomas and the most frequent genetic cause is a germline mutation in the () gene. mutations lead to young-onset macroadenomas that are difficult to treat.