The relaxation effect of endocannabinoid anandamide on isolated rat bladder and vas deferens tissues and possible mechanisms.

Background: The endocannabinoid system plays important roles in various systems, including the genitourinary system; however, its mechanism of action is not fully understood.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the direct relaxant effects of anandamide and its possible mechanisms in isolated rat bladder and vas deferens tissues.

Methods: Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were used.

Interaction of endocannabinoid system and cyclooxygenase metabolites with fatty acid amide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase enzyme activities on contractile responses in rat vas deferens tissue.

The endocannabinoid system and prostaglandins are important modulators in the genitourinary system. This study aimed to investigate the possible interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway on rat vas deferens. For this purpose, the concentration responses of the endocannabinoid anandamide, prostaglandin F analog latanoprost, and prostaglandin E analog misoprostol on the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractile responses were obtained.

Enhancing effect of nicotine on electrical field stimulation elicited contractile responses in isolated rabbit bladder straight muscle; the role of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors.

Background: Nicotine acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These receptors belong to a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. We previously demonstrated that nicotine increased electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractile or relaxation responses, possibly by facilitating neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals in various rabbit tissues.

Profile of psychotropic agents used in autism spectrum disorder according to comorbidities in Turkey: A 4-year evaluation.

It is known that the use of psychotropic pharmaceuticals is common in comorbidities seen in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We have very limited knowledge about which psychotropic drugs are prescribed when comorbidities are diagnosed in patients with ASD. It is aimed to determine the profile of psychotropic agents in patients diagnosed with ASD associated with comorbidities between the ages of 0-24 in Turkey over 4 years.

Effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptor antagonists on nicotine induced relaxation response enhancement in rabbit corpus cavernosum.

Objectives: Endocannabinoids and nicotine regulate the neurotransmitter release in different central and peripheral synapses. Various studies in the literature demonstrate the interaction between endocannabinoid and nicotinic systems, especially in the central nervous system. The interaction between nicotinic and endocannabinoid systems was investigated in this study.

Cost Evaluation of Inhaler Therapies Used in Respiratory Diseases: 1998--2015 Period in Turkey.

Background: With the rise in life expectancy, the burden of chronic diseases, including obstructive pulmonary diseases, has increased throughout the world.

Objectives: To evaluate the sales trends of inhaler pharmaceuticals.

Methods: The changes in box sales and sales amounts (in Turkish lira) of inhaler pharmaceuticals during the period 1998 to 2015 were examined and sales were projected for the next 3 years.

Changes in cholinergic and nitrergic systems of defunctionalized colons after colostomy in rabbits.

Background: This study was designed to assess smooth muscle function and motility in defunctionalized colonic segments and subsequent changes in pathways responsible for gastrointestinal motility.

Methods: Two-month-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly allocated into control and study groups. Sigmoid colostomies were performed in the study group.

Testosterone relaxes human internal spermatic vein through potassium channel opening action.

Objectives: To investigate the relation of testosterone-induced relaxation with smooth muscle K+ channels in human internal spermatic veins. Testosterone induces relaxation in human isolated internal spermatic veins, and this effect decreases in high-grade varicocele (recently reported).

Methods: The responses of isolated internal spermatic veins from patients with varicocele were recorded isometrically using a force displacement transducer.

Vasodilatory effect of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate in rat aorta through calcium antagonistic action.

Introduction: Resin-based dental materials contain various diluent monomers that can interfere with vascular function by causing vasodilation. In this study, we evaluated the vasoactive potential of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and the possible mechanism of their vascular action on isolated rat aorta.

Methods: Responses of thoracic aorta rings were recorded isometrically by using force displacement transducers.

Vasorelaxant effects of Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil S(3) Bond mediated by calcium antagonistic action.

Dental adhesives can alter the contractility of vascular tissue via different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the vascular action of two self-etch adhesive systems, Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) and Clearfil S(3) Bond (CS3B). Responses of isolated rat thoracic aorta rings were recorded isometrically by force displacement transducers.

Enhancement effects of nicotine on neurogenic relaxation responses in the corpus cavernosum in rabbits: the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes.

Nicotine acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which belong to a superfamily of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. We previously demonstrated that nicotine increases the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked nitrergic relaxation responses via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rabbit corpus cavernosum.

Functional characterization of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmitter release via endocannabinoids: an in vitro study in rabbit corpus cavernosum.

Introduction: Corporal smooth muscle relaxation is mediated mainly but not completely by nitric oxide. Endocannabinoids modulate the various neurotransmitter systems.

Aim: In the present study, a possible role of endocannabinoids on non-nitrergic nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC)-mediated relaxations was investigated.

Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes on nicotine-induced neurogenic contractile response alternation in the rabbit gastric fundus.

Nicotine is a nonspecific agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We previously demonstrated that nicotine increases the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked contractile responses possibly by facilitating neurotransmitters release from nerve terminals by a mechanism dependent on the influx of Ca(2+) from voltage gated Ca(2+) channels via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The aim of this study is to investigate subtypes of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors involved in nicotine induced EFS-evoked contractile response alternation in the rabbit gastric fundus.

Vasorelaxant effect of a self-etch adhesive system through calcium antagonistic action.

Etch-and-rinse adhesives can cause vasorelaxation via mechanisms occurring in the endothelium and smooth muscle, including the release of nitric oxide (NO). This effect might promote or aggravate bleeding if such adhesives are placed inadvertently on iatrogenic pulp microexposures. The present study assessed the vasoactive potential of a newer generation self-etch adhesive, Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), on isolated rat aorta.

Hydrogen peroxide and antioxidizing enzymes involved in modulation of transient facilitatory effects of nicotine on neurogenic contractile responses in rat gastric fundus.

Nicotine acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play a role in the modulation of neurotransmitter release in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Moderate reactive oxygen species levels modulate the regulation of physiological functions e.

Does tourniquet application alter the nitrergic responses of rabbit corpus cavernosum penis? A functional study.

Objective: To investigate the effects of short and long periods of tourniquet application on corporal nerves, endothelium and smooth muscle responses.

Methods: After the rabbits were anesthetized with xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg), a standard rubber circular band was applied to the base of the penis. After waiting for 20, 40 and 60 min, the tourniquets were removed and the penil tissue was reperfused for 5 min.

Evaluation of myorelaxant activity of 7-substituted hexahydroquinoline derivatives in isolated rabbit gastric fundus.

In this article, 16 new methyl(ethyl) 4-(dichlorophenyl)-2,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-l,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylates and methyl(ethyl) 2-methyl-4-(dichlorophenyl)-5-oxo-7-phenyl-l,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate derivatives have been synthesized by the Hantzsch reaction and screened for their myorelaxant and potassium channel opening activities. The maximum relaxant effects (E(max)) and pD(2) values on exogenous noradrenaline precontracted tissues and inhibitory effects on cholinergic neurotransmission of the compounds and pinacidil were determined on isolated strips of rabbit gastric fundus smooth muscle. Obtained results indicated that some compounds and pinacidil produced concentration-dependent relaxation on rabbit gastric fundus smooth muscle strips in the two test conditions.

Enhancement effects of nicotine on neurogenic contractile responses in rabbit gastric fundus.

Nicotine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, plays a role in the modulation of neurotransmitter release following nerve stimulation in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Nitric oxide and prostaglandins modulate the release of various neurotransmitters in different tissues. We aimed to investigate the effects of nicotine on neurogenic contractile responses via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and, if a change occurred, to investigate the effects of N(W)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and indomethacin on this change in rabbit gastric fundus.

Nicotine potentiates the electrical field stimulation-evoked contraction of non-pregnant rabbit myometrium.

The women who smoke have lower fertility rates which might be due to harmful effects of nicotine on tubal function and menstrual cycle. Although the uterine contractility of the non-pregnant uterus plays an important role in the human reproduction process, the influence of nicotine on the contractile responses in uterus is not known. Nicotine increases the release of neurotransmitters following nerve stimulation both in the central and peripheral nervous system through acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs).

Nicotine potentiates the neurogenic contractile response of rabbit bladder tissue via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: nitric oxide and prostaglandins have no role in this process.

Nicotine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) agonist, has a role in modulation of the neurotransmitter release following nerve stimulation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked contractions are altered in rabbit bladder in the presence of nicotine and, if an alteration occurs, to investigate the effects of nitric oxide and prostaglandins on nicotine-induced alternation in isolated rabbit bladder. EFS-evoked contractile responses from rabbit bladder obtained were recorded with isometric force displacement transducers.

Nicotine potentiates the nitrergic relaxation responses of rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

The presence of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue and possible mechanisms underlying the potentiation of electrical field stimulation induced relaxation by nicotine were analyzed. In corpus cavernosum tissue strips nicotine (3 x 10(-5) M) and acetylcholine (10(-3) M) produced potentiation on electrical field stimulation (amplitude 50 V; frequency 4 Hz; width 0.8 ms) induced relaxation responses.