HIV Treatment Adherence Self-efficacy Scale for Pakistani HIV/AIDS patients: Translation and psychometric evaluation.

Aim: This study translated HIV-Adherence Self-efficacy scale (HIV-ASES) and evaluated its psychometric properties in Pakistani HIV/AIDS patients.

Background: High level of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is required in management of HIV/AIDS; and it is significantly associated with self-efficacy for adherence to treatment. Understanding and enhancing adherence self-efficacy is a huge challenge for care management staff including nurses, counselors and doctors due to paucity of research and availability of valid and reliable instruments in Urdu language to assess HIV treatment adherence self-efficacy.

Maladaptive schema modes as the predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors.

Objective: To study the relationship between dysfunctional schema modes and post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from March to August 2019, and comprised patients of traumatic brain injury and orthopaedic trauma. Data was collected using Schema Mode Inventory and the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale version 5.