Harnessing filamentous fungi and fungal-bacterial co-culture for biological treatment and valorization of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase from corn stover.

To promote the sustainability of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for biofuel production, fungal fermentation was investigated to treat HTL aqueous phase (HTLAP) from corn stover. The most promising fungus, Aspergillus niger demonstrated superior tolerance to HTLAP and capability to produce oxalic acid as a value-added product. The fungal-bacterial co-culture of A.