Booster cushion design effects on child occupant kinematics and loading assessed using the PIPER 6-year-old HBM and the Q10 ATD in frontal impacts.

Objective: Our objective was to study the effect on child occupant kinematics and loading by differences in booster cushion designs and attachment in a frontal impact.

Methods: Three different booster cushion designs were exposed to a frontal impact in vehicle rear seat interiors. The boosters were selected based on their difference in shape, stiffness, and guiding loop design.

Kinematics and shoulder belt engagement of children on belt-positioning boosters during evasive steering maneuvers.

Objective: To increase the protection of child passengers in crashes preceded by evasive steering, understanding of how children interact with the seat belt in such situations is essential. This study aims to quantify child kinematics and describe child-to-restraint interaction during evasive steering maneuvers.

Methods: Eighteen child volunteers (aged 5-10) were seated on the rear seat of a passenger vehicle.

Seat belt pre-pretensioner effect on child-sized dummies during run-off-road events.

Objective: Run-off-road events occur frequently and can result in severe consequences. Several potential injury-causing mechanisms can be observed in the diverse types of run-off-road events. Real-world data show that different types of environments, such as rough terrain, ditch types, and whether multiple events occur, may be important contributing factors to occupant injury.

Evaluation of 6 and 10 Year-Old Child Human Body Models in Emergency Events.

Emergency events can influence a child's kinematics prior to a car-crash, and thus its interaction with the restraint system. Numerical Human Body Models (HBMs) can help understand the behaviour of children in emergency events. The kinematic responses of two child HBMs-MADYMO 6 and 10 year-old models-were evaluated and compared with child volunteers' data during emergency events-braking and steering-with a focus on the forehead and sternum displacements.

Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices during steering maneuvers.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency steering maneuvers. Furthermore, the ATDs were compared to the results from child volunteers aged 4 to 12 in the same test setup (Bohman, Stockman, et al. 2011).

Kinematics of child volunteers and child anthropomorphic test devices during emergency braking events in real car environment.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to present, compare, and discuss the kinematic response of children and child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency braking events in different restraint configurations in a passenger vehicle.

Methods: A driving study was conducted on a closed-circuit test track comprising 16 children aged 4 to 12 years old and the Q3, Hybrid III (HIII) 3-year-old, 6-year-old, and 10-year-old ATDs restrained on the right rear seat of a modern passenger vehicle. The children were exposed to one braking event in each of the 2 restraint systems and the ATDs were exposed to 2 braking events in each restraint system.

Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child rear seat passengers during vehicle maneuvers.

Head impact to the seat back has been identified as one important injury causation scenario for seat belt restrained, head-injured children and previous research highlighted vehicle maneuvers prior to impact as possible contributing factors. The aim was to quantify kinematics of child occupants during swerving maneuvers focusing on the child's lateral movement and seat belt position relative to the child's shoulder. A study was conducted on a closed-circuit test track with 16 children aged 4-12, restrained in the rear seat of a modern passenger vehicle.