Monitoring α-helical membrane protein insertion into the outer mitochondrial membrane of yeast cells.

Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes, the outer and inner membrane. The outer membrane contains a few dozen integral membrane proteins that mediate transport, fusion and fission processes, form contact sites and are involved in signaling pathways. There are two different types of outer membrane proteins.

The mitochondrial Hsp70 controls the assembly of the FF-ATP synthase.

The mitochondrial FF-ATP synthase produces the bulk of cellular ATP. The soluble F domain contains the catalytic head that is linked via the central stalk and the peripheral stalk to the membrane embedded rotor of the F domain. The assembly of the F domain and its linkage to the peripheral stalk is poorly understood.

Collective action or individual choice: Spontaneity and individuality contribute to decision-making in Drosophila.

Our own unique character traits make our behavior consistent and define our individuality. Yet, this consistency does not entail that we behave repetitively like machines. Like humans, animals also combine personality traits with spontaneity to produce adaptive behavior: consistent, but not fully predictable.