The impact of imprecise case definitions in electronic health record research: a melanoma case-study from the Million Veteran Program.

Cases for a disease can be defined broadly using diagnostic codes, or narrowly using gold-standard confirmation that often is not available in large administrative datasets. These different definitions can have significant impacts on the results and conclusions of studies. We conducted this study to assess how using melanoma phecodes versus histologic confirmation for invasive or in situ melanoma impacts the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the Million Veteran Program.

Evaluating the Utility of ChatGPT in Diagnosing and Managing Maxillofacial Trauma.

Maxillofacial trauma is a significant concern in emergency departments (EDs) due to its high prevalence and the complexity of its management. However, many ED physicians lack specialized training and confidence in handling these cases, leading to a high rate of facial trauma referrals and increased stress on consult services. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in large language models such as ChatGPT, have shown potential in aiding clinical decision-making.

The association of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration with low back pain is modified by underlying genetic propensity to pain.

Background Context: Associations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (LDD) and LBP are often of modest magnitude. This association may be larger in specific patient subgroups.

Purpose: To examine whether the association between LDD and LBP is modified by underlying genetic predispositions to pain.

Toward personalized skin cancer care: multiple skin cancer development in five cohorts.

Importance: Many patients will develop more than one skin cancer, however most research to date has examined only case status.

Objective: Describe the frequency and timing of the treatment of multiple skin cancers in individual patients over time.

Design: Longitudinal claims and electronic health record-based cohort study.

Voriconazole Metabolism is Associated with the Number of Skin Cancers Per Patient.

Voriconazole exposure is associated with skin cancer, but it is unknown how the full spectrum of its metabolizer phenotypes impacts this association. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine how variation in metabolism of voriconazole as measured by metabolizer status of CYP2C19 is associated with the total number of skin cancers a patient develops and the rate of development of the first skin cancer after treatment. There were 1,739 organ transplant recipients with data on CYP2C19 phenotype.

A report on the safety of acitretin use in patients with renal failure on haemodialysis.

Acitretin, commonly used for severe psoriasis and keratinocyte carcinoma chemoprevention in high-risk patients, is contraindicated in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis (HD). However, these patients often lack medication choices and in certain clinical scenarios the benefits of acitretin may outweigh the potential risks. We identified 24 patients with ESRD on HD undergoing acitretin treatment from the Duke and Vanderbilt University Medical Centers.

Modic change is associated with increased BMI but not autoimmune diseases in TwinsUK.

Purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the largest causes of morbidity worldwide. The aetiology of LBP is complex, and many factors contribute to the onset. Bone marrow lesions within the vertebra adjacent to an intervertebral degenerate disc named Modic change (MC) have been suggested as a diagnostic subgroup of LBP.

Targeting emotional regulation using an Internet-delivered psychological intervention for cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: This trial assessed the efficacy of an emotion-focused, modular, Internet-delivered adaptation of the Unified Protocol (UP) in improving cancer survivors' emotion regulation strategies.

Design: A two-arm randomized controlled trial (1:1) was used to compare the efficacy of two Internet-based interventions: UP-adapted CanCope Mind (CM) and lifestyle-focused active control CanCope Lifestyle (CL).

Methods: N = 224 cancer survivors randomized to CM or CL were assessed at baseline, between-modules, at post-intervention and 3-month follow-up on emotion regulation outcomes targeted by each CM module (Module 1: beliefs about emotions; Module 2: mindfulness; Module 3: cognitive reappraisal skills, catastrophizing, refocus on planning; Module 4: experiential avoidance).

Recent Advances in Melanoma Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Machine Learning Methods.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose was to summarize the current role and state of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis and management of melanoma.

Recent Findings: Deep learning algorithms can identify melanoma from clinical, dermoscopic, and whole slide pathology images with increasing accuracy. Efforts to provide more granular annotation to datasets and to identify new predictors are ongoing.

Multi-modal Learning with Missing Data for Cancer Diagnosis Using Histopathological and Genomic Data.

Multi-modal learning (e.g., integrating pathological images with genomic features) tends to improve the accuracy of cancer diagnosis and prognosis as compared to learning with a single modality.

Assessing an Internet-Delivered, Emotion-Focused Intervention Compared With a Healthy Lifestyle Active Control Intervention in Improving Mental Health in Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Cancer survivors are vulnerable to experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression and may benefit from accessible interventions focused on improving emotion regulation. CanCope Mind (CM) was developed as an internet-delivered intervention adapted from the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders to improve emotion regulation and support the mental health of cancer survivors.

Objective: This protocol aims to provide an outline of the CanCope Study, a trial comparing the efficacy of a Unified Protocol-adapted internet-delivered intervention (CM) designed for cancer survivors compared with an active control condition-an internet-delivered healthy lifestyle intervention, CanCope Lifestyle (CL).

Cu-SAR-Bombesin PET-CT Imaging in the Staging of Estrogen/Progesterone Receptor Positive, HER2 Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: Safety, Dosimetry and Feasibility in a Phase I Trial.

Breast cancers are most frequently oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive and [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT (FDG) has lower sensitivity for these subtypes. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in ER+/PR+ breast cancers. This study assessed the safety and potential of [64Cu]Cu-Sarcophagine (SAR)-Bombesin PET/CT (BBN) in re-staging metastatic ER+/PR+/human epidermal growth-factor-2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer.

Insights on conducting digital patient and public involvement in dementia research during the COVID-19 pandemic: supporting the development of an "E-nabling digital co-production" framework.

Background: The rapid transition to digital working, accelerated due to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, has impacted the involvement of patients and public in research. This paper presents experiences of engaging in digital Patient and Public Involvement (e-PPI) in dementia research since the lockdowns, offering recommendations regarding future digital and hybrid working. Furthermore, it introduces a co-produced framework for researchers, PPI coordinators and public contributors to identify and discuss challenges and opportunities provided by e-PPI.

Clinical and cost-effectiveness of Knee Arthroplasty versus Joint Distraction for Osteoarthritis (KARDS): protocol for a multicentre, phase III, randomised control trial.

Introduction: Knee replacement (KR) is a clinically proven procedure typically offered to patients with severe knee osteoarthritis (OA) to relieve pain and improve quality of life. However, artificial joints fail over time, requiring revision associated with higher mortality and inferior outcomes. With more young people presenting with knee OA and increasing life expectancy, there is an unmet need to postpone time to first KR.

Performance evaluation of a PET insert for preclinical MRI in stand-alone PET and simultaneous PET-MRI modes.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a preclinical PET insert in three configurations: as a stand-alone unit outside the MRI bore, inside the bore of a cryogen-free 3T MRI and, finally, while performing simultaneous PET/MRI studies.

Methods: The PET insert consists of two rings of six detectors, each detector comprising 8 × 12 SiPMs reading out dual offset layers of pixelated LYSO crystals with a 1.4-mm pitch.

Piloting CanCope: An internet-delivered transdiagnostic intervention to improve mental health in cancer survivors.

Objective: CanCope is an internet-delivered, cognitive-behavioural intervention adapted from the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders to improve emotion regulation and support the mental health of cancer survivors. Four separate pilot studies evaluated each of CanCope's modules for (1) feasibility and participant satisfaction, and changes in (2) module-specific outcomes, and (3) global measures of emotion dysregulation and anxiety and depressive symptoms, from pre-to-post module delivery.

Methods: Eligible cancer survivors self-selected into one two-week online module designed to improve a specific aspect of emotion regulation ([1] understanding emotions, [2] mindfulness of emotions, [3] cognitive reappraisals, [4] challenging emotion-driven behaviours).

Pressure Relieving Support Surfaces: a Randomised Evaluation 2 (PRESSURE 2): using photography for blinded central endpoint review.

Background: PRESSURE 2 is a randomised evaluation of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of two types of mattress for the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs). The primary clinical endpoint was time to development of a category ≥2 PU. The current 'gold standard' for PU identification is expert clinical assessment.

Power and sample size for multistate model analysis of longitudinal discrete outcomes in disease prevention trials.

For clinical trials where participants pass through a number of discrete health states resulting in longitudinal measures over time, there are several potential primary estimands for the treatment effect. Incidence or time to a particular health state are commonly used outcomes but the choice of health state may not be obvious and these estimands do not make full use of the longitudinal assessments. Multistate models have been developed for some diseases and conditions with the purpose of understanding their natural history and have been used for secondary analysis to understand mechanisms of action of treatments.