Effects of sildenafil on maximum walking time in patients with arterial claudication: The ARTERIOFIL study.

Background: Patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) frequently experience claudication, a clinical symptom indicative of reduced walking capacity. Recommended care consists of exercise rehabilitation combined with optimal medical treatment and surgery. The effects of a single oral dose of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, on patients with claudication are discussed.

The correlation of the "Walking Estimated-Limitation Calculated by History" (WELCH) questionnaire with treadmill maximal walking time is not impaired by age, in patients with claudication.

Purpose: The "Walking Estimated-Limitation Calculated by History" (WELCH) questionnaire is a short four-item questionnaire that estimates the walking capacity of a patient in comparison with relatives, friends or people the same age. As such, it should be relatively insensitive to age, yet this has never been tested.

Methods: A prospective study was performed among 525 patients presenting vascular-type claudication.

Can the scoring of the walking estimated limitation calculated by history (WELCH) questionnaire be simultaneously simplified and improved?

Background: The WELCH questionnaire includes 4 items (A, B, C and D) and estimates the maximal walking time (MWT) on treadmill in patients with claudication. Its scoring was empirically defined. We aimed to test various methods for scoring to estimate whether the scoring of the WELCH could be improved or simplified.

Effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: implications for livestock production and wolf conservation.

Background: In many areas, livestock are grazed within wolf (Canis lupus) range. Predation and harassment of livestock by wolves creates conflict and is a significant challenge for wolf conservation. Wild prey, such as elk (Cervus elaphus), perform anti-predator behaviors.