Acute kidney injury associated with anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Background: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) have been widely used in treating different types of cancer. They increase survival in many oncologic patients and enable cancer-specific therapy. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is one of the adverse effects associated with using ICI, where knowledge of the prevalence and renal histological findings are still reasons for discussion.