How accurate are medical CT and micro-CT techniques compared to classical histology when addressing the growth of the internal rib parameters?

Rib internal anatomy and its cross-sectional morphology inform about important biomechanical or even evolutionary aspects. Classic histological studies require destructive techniques that are reprehensible depending on the case (e.g.

[Blue Lungs in Covid-19 Patients: A Step beyond the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism using MDCT with Iodine Mapping].

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic capacity of pulmonary angiography with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and iodine mapping in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in patients with Covid-19 disease.

Methods: Retrospective observational study of 81 consecutive patients admitted with Covid-19 respiratory infection who underwent MDCT for clinical suspicion of PTE (sudden dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, severe respiratory failure (SRF) not corrected with high O flow) and/or raised D-dimer.

Results: Of the 81 patients studied [64 (79.

An Unusual Case of Hypopituitarism as an Adverse Effect of Vandetanib and Remission of Breast Metastases in a Patient with Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

Introduction: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been a breakthrough in the treatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and they can prolong progression-free survival (PFS).

Case Presentation: A patient with MTC and metastatic spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, breast, and cerebellum started treatment with vandetanib. During treatment, she developed secondary adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Rib cage anatomy in Homo erectus suggests a recent evolutionary origin of modern human body shape.

The tall and narrow body shape of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved via changes in the thorax, pelvis and limbs. It is debated, however, whether these modifications first evolved together in African Homo erectus, or whether H. erectus had a more primitive body shape that was distinct from both the more ape-like Australopithecus species and H.

Late subadult ontogeny and adult aging of the human thorax reveals divergent growth trajectories between sexes.

Sexual dimorphism is an important feature of adult thorax morphology, but when and how sex-related differences in the ribcage arise during ontogeny is poorly known. Previous research proposed that sex-related size differences in the nasal region arise during puberty. Therefore, we explore whether ribcage sexual dimorphism also arises at that time and whether this sexual dimorphism is maintained until old age.

Association between ribs shape and pulmonary function in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ribs shape changes in patients with OI are more relevant for respiratory function than thoracic spine shape. We used 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify rib cage morphology in OI patients and controls, and to investigate its relationship with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), expressed as absolute value and as percentage of predicted value (% pred). Regression analyses on the full sample showed a significant relation between rib shape and FEV1, FVC and FVC % pred whereas thoracic spine shape was not related to any parameter.

Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in ribcage kinematics of modern humans.

Objectives: Sexual dimorphism is an important biological factor underlying morphological variation in the human skeleton. Previous research found sex-related differences in the static ribcage, with males having more horizontally oriented ribs and a wider lower ribcage than females. Furthermore, a recent study found sex-related differences in the kinematics of the human lungs, with cranio-caudal movements of the caudal part of the lungs accounting for most of the differences between sexes.

Ribcage measurements indicate greater lung capacity in Neanderthals and Lower Pleistocene hominins compared to modern humans.

Our most recent fossil relatives, the Neanderthals, had a large brain and a very heavy body compared to modern humans. This type of body requires high levels of energetic intake. While food (meat and fat consumption) is a source of energy, oxygen via respiration is also necessary for metabolism.

3D analysis of sexual dimorphism in size, shape and breathing kinematics of human lungs.

Sexual dimorphism in the human respiratory system has been previously reported at the skeletal (cranial and thoracic) level, but also at the pulmonary level. Regarding lungs, foregoing studies have yielded sex-related differences in pulmonary size as well as lung shape details, but different methodological approaches have led to discrepant results on differences in respiratory patterns between males and females. The purpose of this study is to analyse sexual dimorphism in human lungs during forced respiration using 3D geometric morphometrics.

3D geometric morphometrics of thorax variation and allometry in Hominoidea.

Ever since the seminal papers of Keith and Schultz, hominoid primate ribcages have been described as either "funnel-" or "barrel-shaped." Following this dichotomic typology, it is currently held that Homo sapiens and hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) share a barrel-shaped ribcage and that they are more similar to each other than to the funnel-shaped thoraces of great apes (Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo). Other researchers hypothesized that thoracic width and the invagination of the thoracic spine into the thorax are related to allometry.

Morphological and functional implications of sexual dimorphism in the human skeletal thorax.

Objectives: The human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females. These differences have been linked to sex-specific differences in body composition, bioenergetics, and respiratory function. However, whether morpho-functional variation in the thorax is also related to these features is less clear.

In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics: Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins.

The human ribcage expands and contracts during respiration as a result of the interaction between the morphology of the ribs, the costo-vertebral articulations and respiratory muscles. Variations in these factors are said to produce differences in the kinematics of the upper thorax and the lower thorax, but the extent and nature of any such differences and their functional implications have not yet been quantified. Applying geometric morphometrics we measured 402 three-dimensional (3D) landmarks and semilandmarks of 3D models built from computed tomographic scans of thoraces of 20 healthy adult subjects in maximal forced inspiration (FI) and expiration (FE).

Lung affectation in an adult patient with Niemann-Pick disease, type B.

We have carried out a review of the literature after the presentation of a case of Niemann-Pick (N-P) disease type B reporting the radiological findings with special emphasis on lung affectation. The patient is 40 years old and was diagnosed at the age of 6 with possible N-P disease suspected due to the presentation of hepatosplenomegaly and reticular pattern on chest radiography, with initially normal lung function tests. Said diagnosis was confirmed by measuring the activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme in skin fibroblast cultures and by demonstrating the presence of mutations in the ASM gene.

[Usefulness CT-guided F.N.A.C. in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions].

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for mediastinal lesions by using histology or follow-up clinical diagnosis as gold standard.

Patients And Methods: CT-guided percutaneous FNAC was performed on 131 patients with mediastinal lesions. Helical CT was used with 3-10 mm image thickness range and low radiation dose (40 mAs, 120 kV).

[Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma in a patient with Cowden syndrome].

We describe the case of an 18-year-old female with Cowden syndrome in whom a simple x-ray detected a solitary pulmonary nodule that was identified as a sclerosing hemangioma. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma is an unusual lung neoplasm which typically presents as a solitary peripheral nodule in asymptomatic women. Although the histology of this entity is well defined, its origin and treatment is debated.