Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor.

The Portuguese Institute for Quality is responsible for the realization and dissemination of the frequency standard in Portugal. There are several techniques for frequency transfer, but we use a frequency mixer to detect phase variations between two light signals with different wavelengths, traveling along an optical fibre. In this paper, we present the development of a digital twin (DT) that replicates the use of a frequency mixer to improve the frequency transfer problem.

Measurement of internal diameters of capillaries and glass syringes using gravimetric and optical methods for microflow applications.

Objectives: Microflow measurement devices are used in several science and health applications, mainly drug delivery. In the last decade, several new methods based on optical technology were developed, namely the front tracking and interferometric method, in which the knowledge of the inner diameter of the syringe or the capillary used is critical. Only a few National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) can perform inner diameter measurements below 1 mm, which requires expensive technology.

CA-125 AUC as a predictor for epithelial ovarian cancer relapse.

Purpose: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the usefulness of CA-125 normalized in time area under the curve (CA-125 AUC) to signalise epithelial ovarian cancer relapse.

Patients And Methods: Data from a hundred and eleven patients were submitted to two different approaches based on CA-125 AUC increase values to predict patient relapse. In Criterion A total CA-125 AUC normalized in time value (AUC(i)) was compared with the immediately previous one (AUC(i-1)) using the formulae AUC(i) > or = F * AUC(i-1) (several F values were tested) to find the appropriate close related increment associated to patient relapse.

[Prognostic value of c-erb-2 immunohistochemistry expression in patients with primary breast cancer and adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen].

Introduction: The c-erb2 proto-oncogene is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and has been associated with a more aggressive breast tumour biology and resistance to some types of treatments.

Aims: To evaluate the prognostic value of c-erb-2 receptor, from primary breast cancer on tamoxifen therapy.

Methods: We examined 66 paraffin-embedded sections from primary breast cancers.