How can HIV self-testing facilitate increased access to HIV testing among multiply marginalised populations? Perspectives from GBMSM and trans women in England and Wales.

Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) may facilitate marginalised populations' uptake of HIV testing, but whether the extent of marginalisation challenges individual uptake of HIVST remains under-researched. We aim to explore the perspectives of multiply marginalised cis-gender gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and trans women on whether HIVST might increase their uptake of HIV testing.

Methods: We reanalysed qualitative interview data from SELPHI (the UK's largest HIVST randomised trial) collected between 2017 and 2020 from marginalised populations, defined as people self-identifying as non-heterosexual, transgender, non-White ethnicity and/or with low educational attainment.

Experiences with health care services and HIV testing after sexual assault in cisgender gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and transgender people.

Objectives: This qualitative sub-study aimed to explore how cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (cis-GBMSM) and transgender people who reported non-consensual sex (NCS) accessed health care services, what barriers they faced, and how this experience influenced subsequent HIV testing.

Methods: SELPHI is an online randomized controlled trial evaluating both acceptability and efficiency of HIV-self testing among cis-GBMSM and transgender people. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed through a framework analysis, as a qualitative sub-study.

Differentiating impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on non-coronavirus disease-2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital-based retrospective observational study in Taiwan.

Background: Physical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.

Methods: This retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre-COVID (January-December 2019) to post-COVID period (January-May 2020).

Social consequences of mass quarantine during epidemics: a systematic review with implications for the COVID-19 response.

Four billion people worldwide have experienced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confinement. Such unprecedented extent of mobility restriction to curb the COVID-19 pandemic may have profound impacts on how individuals live, travel and retain well-being. This systematic review aims to identify (i) the social consequences of mass quarantine-community-wide movement restrictions-during previous and current infectious disease outbreaks and (ii) recommended strategies to mitigate the negative social implications of COVID-19 lockdowns.

Prone position is associated with mild cerebral oxygen desaturation in elderly surgical patients.

Purpose: A variety of hemodynamic and respiratory alterations accompany patients in the prone position; however the effect of the prone position on intraoperative cerebral saturation has not been studied. We sought to examine whether the incidence of cerebral oxygen desaturation in elderly patients (≥68 years of age) undergoing spine surgery in the prone position was more common than patients undergoing major surgery in the supine position.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 205 patients; 63 patients underwent surgery in the prone position and 142 in the supine position.

Cutting edge: FADD is not required for antigen receptor-mediated NF-kappaB activation.

Recently, it has been demonstrated that stimulated T cells bearing defects in caspase-8 fail to promote nuclear shuttling of NF-kappaB complexes. Such cells display strikingly similar proliferative and survival defects as T cells lacking Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) function. We characterized NF-kappaB signaling in T cells bearing a dominant-negative FADD transgene (FADDdd).

The requirements for Fas-associated death domain signaling in mature T cell activation and survival.

Fas-associated death domain (FADD) is a death domain containing cytoplasmic adapter molecule required for the induction of apoptosis by death receptors. Paradoxically, FADD also plays a crucial role in the development and proliferation of T cells. Using T cells from mice expressing a dominant negative form of FADD (FADDdd), activation with anti-TCR Ab and costimulation or exogenous cytokines is profoundly diminished.