Sleep electroencephalogram evidence of delayed brain maturation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a longitudinal study.

Study Objectives: This study investigates whether longitudinally measured changes in adolescent brain electrophysiology corroborate the maturational lag associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reported in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies and cross-sectional sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) data.

Methods: Semiannually nine adolescents diagnosed with ADHD (combined presentation, DSM-V criteria, mean age 12.39 ± 0.

Sleep restriction and age effects on waking alpha EEG activity in adolescents.

Study Objectives: To understand how sleep need changes across adolescence our laboratory is carrying out a longitudinal dose-response study on the effects of sleep duration on daytime sleepiness and performance. This report focuses on the relation of the waking alpha (8-12 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG) to prior sleep duration, whether this relation changes with age, and whether decreased waking alpha power is related to changes in daytime sleepiness, vigilance, and executive functioning.

Methods: Study participants ( = 77) entered the study at ages ranging from 9.

Longitudinal Analysis of Sleep Spindle Maturation from Childhood through Late Adolescence.

Sleep spindles are intermittent bursts of 11-15 Hz EEG waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Spindles are believed to help maintain sleep and to play a role in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Here we applied an automated sleep spindle detection program to our large longitudinal sleep EEG dataset (98 human subjects, 6-18 years old, >2000 uninterrupted nights) to evaluate maturational trends in spindle wave frequency, density, amplitude, and duration.

Longitudinal assessment of NREM sleep EEG in typically developing and medication-free ADHD adolescents: first year results.

Objective: Clinical observation and structural MRI studies suggest that delayed brain maturation is a major cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) which exhibits major changes across adolescence provides an opportunity to investigate brain electrophysiology evidence for maturational delay. We present data from an ongoing longitudinal study of sleep EEG in medication-free ADHD and typically developing adolescents to investigate brain electrophysiological evidence for this maturational delay.

Effects of sleep restriction on the sleep electroencephalogram of adolescents.

Study Objectives: This report describes findings from an ongoing longitudinal study of the effects of varied sleep durations on wake and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and daytime function in adolescents. Here, we focus on the effects of age and time in bed (TIB) on total sleep time (TST) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) EEG.

Methods: We studied 77 participants (41 male) ranging in age from 9.

Shorter sleep durations in adolescents reduce power density in a wide range of waking electroencephalogram frequencies.

Despite sleep's recognized biological importance, it has been remarkably difficult to demonstrate changes in brain physiology with reduced sleep durations. In a study of adolescents, we varied sleep durations by restricting time in bed for four nights of either 10, 8.5 or 7 h.

Differential and interacting effects of age and sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness and vigilance in adolescence: a longitudinal study.

Study Objectives: There is contradictory evidence on whether sleep need decreases across adolescence. We investigated this question longitudinally with a dose-response design to test the effects of varied sleep durations on daytime sleepiness and on vigilance and to test whether these relations change with age across early and mid-adolescence.

Methods: Data from 76 participants who completed at least 2 years of the 3-year study are included in this report.

Daytime Sleepiness Increases With Age in Early Adolescence: A Sleep Restriction Dose-Response Study.

Study Objectives: Daytime sleepiness increases across adolescence. This increase is commonly attributed to insufficient sleep durations resulting from increasingly limited time in bed. We tested the effects of 3 sleep schedules on daytime sleepiness and whether these effects changed with age in early adolescence.

Restricting Time in Bed in Early Adolescence Reduces Both NREM and REM Sleep but Does Not Increase Slow Wave EEG.

Study Objectives: School night total sleep time decreases across adolescence (9-18 years) by 10 min/year. This decline is comprised entirely of a selective decrease in NREM sleep; REM sleep actually increases slightly. Decreasing sleep duration across adolescence is often attributed to insufficient time in bed.

Maturational Patterns of Sigma Frequency Power Across Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study.

Study Objectives: To further evaluate adolescent brain maturation by determining the longitudinal trajectories of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sigma (11-15 Hz) power across childhood-adolescence.

Methods: The maturational trend for sigma (11-15 Hz) power was evaluated in an accelerated longitudinal study of three overlapping age cohorts (n = 92) covering ages 6 to 18 y. Semiannually, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from participants sleeping at home in their normal sleep environment while keeping their current school night schedules.

Longitudinal sleep EEG trajectories indicate complex patterns of adolescent brain maturation.

New longitudinal sleep data spanning ages 6-10 yr are presented and combined with previous data to analyze maturational trajectories of delta and theta EEG across ages 6-18 yr in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM delta power (DP) increased from age 6 to age 8 yr and then declined. Its highest rate of decline occurred between ages 12 and 16.

Sex, puberty, and the timing of sleep EEG measured adolescent brain maturation.

The steep adolescent decline in the slow wave (delta, 1-4 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG) of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is a dramatic maturational change in brain electrophysiology thought to be driven by cortical synaptic pruning. A perennial question is whether this change in brain electrophysiology is related to sexual maturation. Applying Gompertz growth models to longitudinal data spanning ages 9-18 y, we found that the timing of the delta decline was significantly (P < 0.

The maturational trajectories of NREM and REM sleep durations differ across adolescence on both school-night and extended sleep.

We recorded sleep electroencephalogram longitudinally across ages 9-18 yr in subjects sleeping at home. Recordings were made twice yearly on 4 consecutive nights: 2 nights with the subjects maintaining their ongoing school-night schedules, and 2 nights with time in bed extended to 12 h. As expected, school-night total sleep time declined with age.

Topographic differences in the adolescent maturation of the slow wave EEG during NREM sleep.

Study Objectives: Our ongoing longitudinal study has shown that NREM delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) power measured at C3 and C4 decrease by more than 60% between ages 11 and 17 years. Here, we investigate the age trajectories of delta and theta power at frontal, central, and occipital electrodes.

Design: Baseline sleep EEG was recorded twice yearly for 6 years in 2 cohorts, spanning ages 9-18 years, with overlap at 12-15 years.

Adolescent changes in homeostatic regulation of EEG activity in the delta and theta frequency bands during NREM sleep.

Study Objectives: Slow wave EEG activity in NREM sleep decreases by more than 60% between ages 10 and 20 years. Slow wave EEG activity also declines across NREM periods (NREMPs) within a night, and this decline is thought to represent the dynamics of sleep homeostasis. We used longitudinal data to determine whether these homeostatic dynamics change across adolescence.

Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: an index of a fundamental brain reorganization.

Delta (1-4 Hz) EEG power in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep declines massively during adolescence. This observation stimulated the hypothesis that during adolescence the human brain undergoes an extensive reorganization driven by synaptic elimination. The parallel declines in synaptic density, delta wave amplitude and cortical metabolic rate during adolescence further support this model.

Cerebral metabolism and sleep homeostasis: a comment on Vyazovskiy et al.

In this journal, Vyazovskiy et al. reported deoxyglucose data that they interpreted as supporting the Tononi and Cirelli hypothesis that cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) increases across waking. We summarize contradictory PET-deoxyglucose data that show CMR is the same in the morning and evening and that it decreases rather than increases after a night of sleep deprivation.

Longitudinal trajectories of non-rapid eye movement delta and theta EEG as indicators of adolescent brain maturation.

It is now recognized that extensive maturational changes take place in the human brain during adolescence, and that the trajectories of these changes are best studied longitudinally. We report the first longitudinal study of the adolescent decline in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) EEG. Delta and theta are the homeostatic frequencies of human sleep.