Comparative evaluation of different pre-treatment alternatives for granular media filters treating greywater and their ranking using analytical hierarchy process.

In this study, the performance of four different pre-treatment alternatives for granular media filtration, namely, settling, aeration, coarse media filtration and chemical coagulation were compared experimentally. Further, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to compare their performance based on economic, environmental, technical and performance criteria. Performance of settling and aeration were evaluated up to 24 h duration.

Use of zero-valent iron-modified sand filters for greywater treatment: performance evaluation and modelling using response surface methodology.

The conventional sand filter when used alone for on-site treatment of greywater fails to meet different reuse standards, and hence there is a need to improve the potential of sand filters to remove different contaminants from greywater. Performance of zero-valent iron-modified (ZVI) sand filters is investigated in the present study for the treatment of real greywater. The experiments were conducted using three filters: an unmodified filter (SF) and two iron-modified filters, MSF-2 (with 2 kg of ZVI) and MSF-4 (with 4 kg of ZVI).

Granular media filtration for on-site treatment of greywater: A review.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have put pressure on water resources and centralized wastewater treatment facilities and the need for greywater treatment at decentralized levels is increasing. This paper reviews the studies that used granular filtration for the treatment of greywater. Filter media characteristics that helps in the selection of suitable sustainable and environmental friendly materials without compromising the quality of treated greywater is first reported.

Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater from an Indian household.

A year-long study was conducted to assess the quantity and quality characteristics of greywater generated from different sources of an Indian household. The effect of source separation on greywater quantity and pollutant load contribution was also assessed. Composite samples were collected separately over a period of 24 h from each of the greywater source, namely hand basin, bathroom, kitchen, and laundry, and were analysed for different physico-chemical and microbiological parameters.

Effect of operating mode on the performance of sand filters treating greywater.

A long-duration laboratory study spanning more than 6 months was conducted to evaluate the effect of operating mode on the performance of sand filters for greywater treatment. Performance of saturated and unsaturated filters operated in continuous or intermittent mode was evaluated using settled real greywater. Effects of pause period and higher loading rate on their performance were also evaluated.

Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review.

Due to depletion of water resources and increased water demand, greywater reuse is gaining popularity as a means of water conservation all over the world. Availability of reliable data on greywater generation and quality characteristics is important in deciding the treatment system and the reuse option. This paper summarises quantity and quality characteristics of greywater reported from different parts of the world.