Risk factors, prevalence trend, and clustering of hypospadias cases in Puerto Rico.

Objective: The aim was to determine the distribution pattern of hypospadias cases across a well-defined geographic space.

Materials And Methods: The dataset for this study was produced by the Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (BDSS-PR), which linked the information of male newborns of the Puerto Rico Birth Cohort dataset (PRBC; n=92,285) from 2007 to 2010. A population-based case-control study was conducted to determine prevalence trend and to estimate the potential effects of maternal age, paternal age, birth-related variables, and health insurance status on hypospadias.