Multiple Perspectives on Motivating Parents in Pediatric Primary Care to Initiate Participation in Parenting Programs.

Objective: To use multiple perspectives to identify the key components of pediatric primary care conversations for motivating parents to utilize parenting programs. We aim to develop an actionable framework that primary care clinicians (PCCs) can follow for effective conversations with parents.

Methods: We conducted focus groups and interviews with researchers (n = 6) who have experience delivering parenting interventions through primary care, clinical personnel in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) (n = 9), parents of 3-5-year olds who receive services at a FQHC pediatric clinic (n = 6), and parent educators (n = 5).

Racial Arrest Disparities in the USA by Rural-Urban Location and Region.

Background: Urban racial arrest disparities are well known. Emerging evidence suggests that rural policing shares similar patterns as urban policing in the USA, but without receiving the same public scrutiny, raising the risk of biased rural policing going unnoticed.

Methods: We estimated adult and adolescent arrest rates and rate ratios (RR) by race, rural-urban status, and US region based on 2016 Uniform Crime Reporting Program arrest and US Census population counts using general estimating equation Poisson regression models with a 4-way interaction between race, region, age group, and urbanicity.

Following Insufficiently Active Adolescents: What Predicts Whether They Meet Adult Activity Guidelines When They Grow Up?

Background: We investigated the percentage of insufficiently active adolescents who became young adults meeting moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) guidelines. We also explored adolescent psychosocial and environmental factors that predicted MVPA guideline adherence in young adulthood.

Methods: Participants included N = 1001 adolescents (mean age = 14.

US Mass public shootings since Columbine: victims per incident by race and ethnicity of the perpetrator.

White individuals in the United States (US) have historically had disproportionate access to firearms. The real-life availability of firearms, including those most lethal, may still be greater among White populations, manifesting in the number of victims in shootings. We compared the severity of US mass public shootings since Columbine by race and/or ethnicity of the perpetrator using The Violence Project Database of Mass Shooters, assessing fatalities (minimum four), total victims, type, and legal status of guns used.

Local Tobacco 21 Policies are Associated With Lower Odds of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents.

Introduction: Tobacco 21 (T21) policies have shown promise in reducing cigarette use among adolescents. This study examined whether local T21 policies affected adolescent use of a variety of tobacco products and whether results differed by grade level.

Methods: We used repeated cross-sectional data from eighth, ninth, and eleventh-grade respondents to the 2016 (n = 107 981) and 2019 (n = 102 196) Minnesota Student Surveys.

Post-Identification Approaches to Addressing Health-Related Social Needs in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Social determinants of health play a fundamental role in a patient's health status. In recent years, health systems across the nation have implemented numerous strategies aimed at identifying and addressing the health-related social needs of the patients they serve. Despite the influx of peer-reviewed research highlighting outcomes of specific health-related social needs interventions, the spectrum of practices utilized by primary care clinics has not been established.

Weapon Carrying Among Boys in US Schools by Race and/or Ethnicity: 1993-2019.

Background: High adolescent gun-related mortality, gun violence, pro-gun policies, white supremacy, and the long-term socioeconomic and other effects of racial oppression are intricately linked in the United States. Racist prejudice depicts male individuals of color as more prone to criminality than white male individuals. We described long-term patterns of weapon carrying in US schools among non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH Black/African American, and Hispanic boys, hypothesizing that in contrast to racist stereotypes, boys of color did not bring weapons into schools more often than NH white boys in recent years.

Reducing Socioeconomic Disparities in Comprehensive Smoke-Free Rules among Households with Children: A Pilot Intervention Implemented through a National Cancer Program.

Most households with a smoker do not implement comprehensive smoke-free rules (smoke-free homes cars), and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure remains prevalent among children and low-socioeconomic status (SES) populations. This pilot project aimed to assess implementation feasibility and impact of an intervention designed to increase smoke-free rules among socioeconomically disadvantaged households with children. The pilot was implemented through Minnesota's National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP).

Association of Social and Community Factors with U.S. Breastfeeding Outcomes.

To explore, in a large, nationally representative U.S. sample of children, potential independent associations between social and community factors and breastfeeding outcomes, using the Social Ecological Model as a theoretical framework.

Parental incarceration and youth tobacco product use: Implications for prevention and the e-cigarette epidemic.

Purpose: Youth smokers have high rates of adverse childhood experiences, and particularly parental incarceration (PI). In Minnesota, 16% of youth have experienced PI, but 55% of daily smokers report PI. However, no research has examined how PI relates to a range of tobacco products, which is critical considering the current e-cigarette epidemic.

Parents' interest in resources to address their child's behavioral health through primary care.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate parents' interest in additional primary care-based resources for their children's behavioral health, including parenting support.

Method: We surveyed 264 English- or Spanish-speaking parents (80% mothers) of children between the ages of 3 and 11 years as they arrived for an appointment at an urban, pediatric primary care clinic. Measures included demographics, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-17) as a parent report of the child's behavioral health, and interest in behavioral resources (e.

Mental and Physical Health Profiles of Maltreated Youth.

To examine both mental and physical health profiles of children diagnosed as maltreated in the community, we studied diagnoses in the electronic health records (EHRs) of youth assigned maltreatment-related diagnoses (N = 406) and well-matched youth without a maltreatment-related diagnosis (N = 406) during a four-year period in a large healthcare system that covers eight hospitals and over 40 clinics. Data extracted automatically from the EHRs was supplemented by manual chart review. The odds of the maltreated group being assigned a code for mental illness was 2.

Adverse childhood experiences: Evidence for screening beyond preventive visits.

Primary efforts to screen for adverse childhood experiences (ACE/ACEs) are often focused on the well child/adolescent visit. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between ACEs and youth likelihood of receiving preventive care. Data are from 126,868 students in the 8th, 9th, and 11th grades who participated in the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, an anonymous, self-report questionnaire examining youth behaviors, experiences, and perceptions.

Health Status of Adolescents Reporting Experiences of Adversity.

This study examines relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adolescent health indicators among a sample of 8th, 9th, and 11th graders participating in the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey. Logistic regression was used to determine whether 10 types of ACEs were associated with health indicators that may link to health in adulthood, including self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), sleep duration, and dietary and physical activity participation after adjustment for demographic covariates. Individual and cumulative ACEs measures were significantly associated with adverse health indicators, including poorer self-rated health, increased odds of BMI ≥85% and frequent fast food intake, and reduced odds of adequate sleep duration, daily fruit intake, and physical activity participation on most days of the week.

Adaptive Recruitment and Parenting Interventions for Immigrant Latino Families with Adolescents.

Parenting programs are an effective strategy to prevent multiple risky outcomes during adolescence. However, these programs usually enroll one caregiver and have low attendance. This study evaluated the preliminary results, cost, and satisfaction of adaptive recruitment and parenting interventions for immigrant Latino families.

Health-Care Utilization Patterns of Maltreated Youth.

To examine in detail the health-care utilization patterns of maltreated children, we studied electronic health records (EHRs) of children assigned maltreatment-related codes in a large medical system. We compared youth with maltreatment-related diagnoses (N = 406) with those of well-matched youth (N = 406). Data were based on EHRs during a 4-year period from the University of Minnesota's Clinical Data Repository, which covers eight hospitals and over 40 clinics across Minnesota.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Initiation of Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Potential Moderating Effects of Internal Assets.

Introduction: Early adolescence is a critical risk period for initiation of substance use. Internal assets (IAs), which are individual qualities guiding positive choices, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are important protective and risk factors, respectively, against substance use. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether IAs modify associations between ACEs and early initiation of alcohol and marijuana use.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and School-Based Victimization and Perpetration.

Retrospective studies using adult self-report data have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase risk of violence perpetration and victimization. However, research examining the associations between adolescent reports of ACE and school violence involvement is sparse. The present study examines the relationship between adolescent reported ACE and multiple types of on-campus violence (bringing a weapon to campus, being threatened with a weapon, bullying, fighting, vandalism) for boys and girls as well as the risk of membership in victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator groups.

Documentation of Child Maltreatment in Electronic Health Records.

International Classification of Diseases codes for child maltreatment can aid surveillance and research, but the extent to which they are used is not well established. We documented prevalence of the use of maltreatment-related codes, examined demographic characteristics of youth assigned these codes, and compared results with previous studies. Data were extracted from electronic health records of 0- to 21-year-olds assigned 1 of 15 maltreatment-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes who had encounters in a large medical system over a 4-year period.

For Whom Do Parenting Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use Work?

Adolescent substance use continues to be a significant public health problem. Parent training interventions are effective preventive strategies to reduce youth substance use. However, little is known about differences in effectiveness for youth across demographic characteristics.

School Practices to Foster LGBT-Supportive Climate: Associations with Adolescent Bullying Involvement.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience disproportionate rates of bullying compared to their heterosexual peers. Schools are well-positioned to address these disparities by creating supportive school climates for LGBT youth, but more research is needed to examine the variety of practices and professional development opportunities put in place to this end. The current study examines how school practices to create supportive LGBT student climate relate to student reports of bullying.

Weight Status and Weight Perception in Relation to Mental Distress and Psychosocial Protective Factors Among Adolescents.

Objective: To measure how weight status and weight perception relate to mental distress and psychosocial protective factors in adolescents.

Methods: Adolescents in 8th, 9th, and 11th grade participating in the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 122,180) were classified on the basis of weight perception (overweight or not overweight) and weight status (not overweight, overweight, obese). Bivariate tests were used to assess the relationship of weight status and weight perception with internal mental distress, and generalized linear models were used to measure the association between weight status and weight perception with psychosocial protective factors including parent, school, and friend connectedness, social competency, and positive identity.