Local Drug Delivery in Bladder Cancer: Advances of Nano/Micro/Macro-Scale Drug Delivery Systems.

Treatment of bladder cancer remains a critical unmet need and requires advanced approaches, particularly the development of local drug delivery systems. The physiology of the urinary bladder causes the main difficulties in the local treatment of bladder cancer: regular voiding prevents the maintenance of optimal concentration of the instilled drugs, while poor permeability of the urothelium limits the penetration of the drugs into the bladder wall. Therefore, great research efforts have been spent to overcome these hurdles, thereby improving the efficacy of available therapies.

[The analysis of association between ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in ukrainian population].

Objective: Introduction: More than 100 genes have been described associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these candidate genes, Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), is located on the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q23.2) and encodes for a protein which is one of the factors determining the insulin sensitivity.

[The association between enpp1 rs997509 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus development in ukrainian population].

Objective: Introduction: Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified a large number of polymorphic loci associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene is one of the candidate genes which have primary importance in T2DM development. Several studies revealed the association between ENPP1 polymorphisms, including rs997509, and T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in different populations.