From to : xenotransplantation and vascularization of mouse embryonic kidneys in a microfluidic chip.

Organoids are emerging as a powerful tool to investigate complex biological structures . Vascularization of organoids is crucial to recapitulate the morphology and function of the represented human organ, especially in the case of the kidney, whose primary function of blood filtration is closely associated with blood circulation. Current microfluidic approaches have only provided initial vascularization of kidney organoids, whereas transplantation to animal models is problematic due to ethical problems, with the exception of xenotransplantation onto a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM).

Optimization of Renal Organoid and Organotypic Culture for Vascularization, Extended Development, and Improved Microscopy Imaging.

Embryonic kidney organotypic cultures, and especially pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids, are excellent tools for following developmental processes and modelling kidney disease. However, the models are limited by a lack of vascularization and functionality. To address this, an improved protocol for the method of xenografting cells and tissues to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo to gain vascularization and restoration of blood flow was developed.

BAMBI is a novel HIF1-dependent modulator of TGFβ-mediated disruption of cell polarity during hypoxia.

Hypoxia and loss of cell polarity are common features of malignant carcinomas. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is the major regulator of cellular hypoxia response and mediates the activation of ∼300 genes. Increased HIF1 signaling is known to be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.

Beyond KDEL: the role of positions 5 and 6 in determining ER localization.

The C-terminal amino acid sequence of a protein plays an important role in determining the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization of many soluble proteins that enter the secretory pathway. While it is known that the four amino acids found at the extreme C-terminus of the protein (e.g.

Two endoplasmic reticulum PDI peroxidases increase the efficiency of the use of peroxide during disulfide bond formation.

Disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum by the sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1 family is thought to be accompanied by the concomitant formation of hydrogen peroxide. Since secretory cells can make substantial amounts of proteins that contain disulfide bonds, the production of this reactive oxygen species could have potentially lethal consequences. Here, we show that two human proteins, GPx7 and GPx8, labeled as secreted glutathione peroxidases, are actually endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein disulfide isomerase peroxidases.

A molecular specificity code for the three mammalian KDEL receptors.

AC-terminal KDEL-like motif prevents secretion of soluble endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins. This motif interacts with KDEL receptors localized in the intermediate compartment and Golgi apparatus. Such binding triggers retrieval back to the ER via a coat protein I-dependent pathway.

alpha-tubulin minichromosome promoters in the stichotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae.

Ciliated protists are model organisms for a number of molecular phenomena including telomerase function, self-splicing introns, and an RNA interference-related mechanism in programmed DNA elimination. Despite this relevance, our knowledge about promoters and transcriptional regulation in these organisms is very limited. The macronuclear genome of stichotrichous ciliates consists of minichromosomes which typically encode a single gene.