The role of foreign direct investments, urbanization, productivity, and energy consumption in Finland's carbon emissions: an ARDL approach.

This study investigates the effects of productivity, energy consumption, foreign direct investments, and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions (CO) in Finland during 2000-2020 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that (i) there is evidence of cointegration among variables; (ii) energy consumption has a positive effect on CO emissions in the long run; (iii) labor productivity and urbanization have a negative effect on CO emissions in the long run; (iv) foreign direct investments are not a significant explainer of CO emissions. The results are discussed with some policy implications and suggested future research.

Mixed models for optimal saving with labor income risk and interest-rate risk.

In this paper, optimal saving models with two risk components are studied: the labor income risk and the interest rate risk. These risks can be modeled probabilistically by random variables or possibilistically by fuzzy numbers. In mixed models, one of the components is probabilistic and the other one is possibilistic.