Decalogue to promote the implementation and improvement of recommendations for the early diagnosis of HIV in Emergency Departments.

Early diagnosis of HIV is still a challenge. Emergency Departments (EDs) suppose ideal settings for the early detection of HIV, since patients with high prevalence of hidden HIV infection are frequently attending those services. In 2020, the Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) published a series of recommendations for the early diagnosis of patients with suspected HIV infection and their referral and follow-up in the EDs as part of its "Deja tu huella" program.

Identification of COVID-19 patients at risk of hospital admission and mortality: a European multicentre retrospective analysis of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin.

Background: Mid-Regional pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is an inflammatory biomarker that improves the prognostic assessment of patients with sepsis, septic shock and organ failure. Previous studies of MR-proADM have primarily focussed on bacterial infections. A limited number of small and monocentric studies have examined MR-proADM as a prognostic factor in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, however there is need for multicenter validation.

Induction of High Levels of Specific Humoral and Cellular Responses to SARS-CoV-2 After the Administration of Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines Requires Several Days.

Objectives: In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, the fast development of vaccines with efficacy of around 95% preventing Covid-19 illness provides a unique opportunity to reduce the mortality associated with the pandemic. However, in the absence of efficacious prophylactic medications and few treatments for this infection, the induction of a fast and robust protective immunity is required for effective disease control, not only to prevent the disease but also the infection and shedding/transmission. The objective of our study was to analyze the level of specific humoral and cellular T-cell responses against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induced by two mRNA-based vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273), but also how long it takes after vaccination to induce these protective humoral and cellular immune responses.

Use of Saliva Swab for Detection of Influenza Virus in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department.

Nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens are commonly used for the detection of influenza, but saliva swabs are easier to obtain and cause less discomfort to the patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of saliva swab specimens for the diagnosis of influenza compared with NP specimens. Influenza virus detection rate in saliva and NP swabs was compared in adult patients admitted to an emergency department from January to March 2020, using the Xpert Xpress Flu/respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) test.

Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a supplementary tool to clinical parameters in cases of suspicion of infection in the emergency department.

Introduction: Mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), a novel biomarker, has recently gained interest particularly with regards to its potential in assisting clinicians' decision making in patients with suspicion of infection in the emergency department (ED). A group of international experts, with research and experience in MR-proADM applications, produced this review based on their own experience and the currently available literature.

Areas Covered: The review provides evidence related to MR-proADM as a triaging tool in avoiding unnecessary admissions to hospital and/or inadequate discharge, and identifying patients most at risk of deterioration.

Viral RNA load in plasma is associated with critical illness and a dysregulated host response in COVID-19.

Background: COVID-19 can course with respiratory and extrapulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in respiratory samples but also in blood, stool and urine. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated host response to this virus.

Promoting clinical pharmacy services through advanced medication review in the emergency department.

Objectives: To determine if an advanced medication review carried out in the emergency department (ED) increases the number of pharmacotherapy recommendations (PR) and the severity of the detected prescribing errors.

Methods: We designed an analytic observational prospective cohort study with preintervention assessment (PRE) and postintervention assessment (POST). In PRE, prescription review was done by pharmacists located in the pharmacy department; they took into account only the information provided by the computerised physician order entry system.

[Comparison of the residency training proposal for emergency medicine and programs in internal medicine, intensive care medicine, anesthesia and recovery care, and family and community practice].

The objective of this study is to describe similarities and differences between the proposed residency program in emergency medicine (EM) and the established programs in internal medicine, intensive care medicine, anesthesia and recovery care, and family and community practice. The training program drafted by the committee to promote specialization in EM, convened by the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), was compared to those of the 4 above-mentioned residency programs published on the web page of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Services, and Equality as they appeared in June 2015. Points of comparison with the SEMES committee's proposal were the general definitions, scope of practice, and aims of each program; the rotations included; the organization of on-call responsibilities; and specific aspects of emergency care knowledge, skills, and techniques the residencies include in their curricula.