HIV-1 Tat Protein and Cigarette Smoke Mediated ADAM17 Upregulation Can Lead to Impaired Mucociliary Clearance.

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) associated comorbidities account for the majority of poor health outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH) in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Lung-related comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bacterial pneumonia are primarily responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in PLWH, even when compensated for smoking. Smokers and COPD patients demonstrate cilia shortening, attenuated ciliary beat frequency (CBF), dysfunctional ciliated cells along with goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hypersecretion.

A signaling pathway map of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1/SERPINE-1): a review of an innovative frontier in molecular aging and cellular senescence.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a vital regulator of the fibrinolytic mechanism and has been intricately involved in various physiological and clinical processes, including cancer, thrombosis, and wound healing. The PAI-1 signaling pathway is multifaceted, encompassing numerous signaling molecules and nodes. Recent studies have revealed a novel contribution of PAI-1 during cellular senescence.

scDOT: optimal transport for mapping senescent cells in spatial transcriptomics.

The low resolution of spatial transcriptomics data necessitates additional information for optimal use. We developed scDOT, which combines spatial transcriptomics and single cell RNA sequencing to improve the ability to reconstruct single cell resolved spatial maps and identify senescent cells. scDOT integrates optimal transport and expression deconvolution to learn non-linear couplings between cells and spots and to infer cell placements.

Cold ischemia time alters cell-type specific senescence leading to loss of cellular integrity in mouse lungs.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major challenge in lung transplantation often causing graft dysfunction and chronic airway illnesses in recipients. To prevent potential transplant related complications, strict guidelines were put in place to choose viable donor lungs with minimal risk of IRI. These regulations deem most of the donor organs unfit for transplant which then are donated for research to understand the mechanisms of health and diseases in human.

Altered Host microRNAomics in HIV Infections: Therapeutic Potentials and Limitations.

microRNAs have emerged as essential regulators of health and disease, attracting significant attention from researchers across diverse disciplines. Following their identification as noncoding oligonucleotides intricately involved in post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression, extensive efforts were devoted to elucidating and validating their roles in fundamental metabolic pathways and multiple pathologies. Viral infections are significant modifiers of the host microRNAome.

Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a vaping cessation text messaging intervention for Latino young adults.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of among Latino young adults.

Methods: Forty Latino young adults (ages 18 to 25) who were currently vaping received , a vaping cessation text messaging intervention available in English and Spanish. was measured by the eligibility, enrollment, and follow-up rates.

MicroRNA mediated suppression of airway lactoperoxidase by TGF-β1 and cigarette smoke promotes airway inflammation.

Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling is upregulated in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD), smokers, and people living with HIV. Cigarette smoking and HIV are also independent risk factors for COPD. Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of COPD.

Toxicity of waterpipe tobacco smoking: the role of flavors, sweeteners, humectants, and charcoal.

Waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking is a public health concern, particularly among youth and young adults. The global spread of WPT use has surged because the introduction of pre-packaged flavored and sweetened WPT, which is widely marketed as a safer tobacco alternative. Besides flavorants and sugars, WPT additives include humectants, which enhance the moisture and sweetness of WPT, act as solvents for flavors, and impart smoothness to the smoke, thus increasing appeal to users.

Fruit flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are associated with nocturnal dry cough: A population longitudinal analysis.

Evidence from in vitro and animal models has identified the pulmonary toxicity of flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs); however, less is known from epidemiological studies about the effects of flavors in the respiratory health. This study examined the longitudinal association between exposure to ECIGs flavors and nocturnal dry cough among ECIGs users. A secondary analysis of data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2014-2019) was conducted.

Challenges in current inhalable tobacco toxicity assessment models: A narrative review.

Emerging tobacco products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have a dynamic landscape and are becoming widely popular as they claim to offer a low-risk alternative to conventional smoking. Most pre-clinical laboratories currently exploit , , and experimental models to assess toxicological outcomes as well as to develop risk-estimation models. While most laboratories have produced a wide range of cell culture and mouse model data utilizing current smoke/aerosol generators and standardized puffing profiles, much variation still exists between research studies, hindering the generation of usable data appropriate for the standardization of these tobacco products.

Developmental PFOS exposure alters lung inflammation and barrier integrity in juvenile mice.

Emerging epidemiological evidence indicates perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is increasingly associated with asthma and respiratory viral infections. Animal studies suggest PFOS disrupts lung development and immuno-inflammatory responses, but little is known about the potential consequences on respiratory health and disease risk. Importantly, PFOS exposure during the critical stages of lung development may increase disease risk later in life.

e-Cigarette Tobacco Flavors, Public Health, and Toxicity: Narrative Review.

Background: Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration implemented enforcement priorities against all flavored, cartridge-based e-cigarettes other than menthol and tobacco flavors. This ban undermined the products' appeal to vapers, so e-cigarette manufacturers added flavorants of other attractive flavors into tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes and reestablished appeal.

Objective: This review aims to analyze the impact of the addition of other flavorants in tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes on both human and public health issues and to propose further research as well as potential interventions.

A Review of the Toxicity of Ingredients in e-Cigarettes, Including Those Ingredients Having the FDA's "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" Regulatory Status for Use in Food.

Some firms and marketers of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; a type of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS)) and refill liquids (e-liquids) have made claims about the safety of ingredients used in their products based on the term "GRAS or Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS). However, GRAS is a provision within the definition of a food additive under section 201(s) (21 U.S.

Chemical and physiological interactions between e-liquid constituents: cause for concern?

Studies of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) toxicity have largely focused on individual components such as flavour additives, base e-liquid ingredients (propylene glycol, glycerol), device characteristics (eg, model, components, wattage), use behaviour, etc. However, vaping involves inhalation of chemical mixtures and interactions between compounds can occur that can lead to different toxicities than toxicity of the individual components. Methods based on the additive toxicity of individual chemical components to estimate the health risks of complex mixtures can result in the overestimation or underestimation of exposure risks, since interactions between components are under-investigated.

Vaping: Public Health, Social Media, and Toxicity.

This viewpoint aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of vaping from various perspectives that contribute to the invention, development, spread, and consequences of e-cigarette products and vaping. Our analysis showed that the specific characteristics of e-cigarette products as well as marketing strategies, especially social media marketing, fostered the spread of vaping and the subsequent effects on human health and toxicity. We analyzed the components of e-cigarette devices and e-liquids, including the latest variants whose impacts were often overlooked.

Recruiting Latino young adults into a vaping cessation study via social media: Feasibility and cost analysis.

Introduction: This study aims to assess the feasibility and cost of recruiting young Latino adults (aged 18-25 years) to participate in a vaping cessation study via social media and to describe the baseline characteristics of participants enrolled via social media.

Methods: Paid advertisements were launched using the Meta Ads platform, which serves ads to users on Facebook and Instagram. Key measures of audience targeting included ages 18-25 years, all genders, and the following interests: 'electronic cigarettes', 'vape', 'Latin pop', and 'Latin music'.

Emerging roles of senolytics/senomorphics in HIV-related co-morbidities.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to cause cellular senescence and inflammation among infected individuals. While the traditional antiretroviral therapies (ART) have allowed the once fatal infection to be managed effectively, the quality of life of HIV patients on prolonged ART use is still inferior. Most of these individuals suffer from life-threatening comorbidities like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and diabetes, to name a few.

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure exaggerates bleomycin-induced collagen overexpression during pulmonary fibrogenesis.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is known to cause lung inflammatory and injurious responses. Smoke exposure is associated with the pathobiology related to lung fibrosis, whereas the mechanism that ETS exposure augments pulmonary fibrogenesis is unclear. We hypothesized that ETS exposure could exacerbate fibrotic responses via collagen dynamic dysregulation and complement activation.

Club cell-specific telomere protection protein 1 (TPP1) protects against tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation, xenobiotic metabolic dysregulation, and injurious responses.

Inhaling xenobiotics, such as tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for pulmonary diseases, e.g., COPD/emphysema, interstitial lung disease, and pre-invasive diseases.

Abnormal expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users.

Background: Exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has been linked to several health concerns, including DNA damage, elevated oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory cytokine, and dysfunctions in epithelial barriers. However, little is known about the effect of exclusive e-cigarette use on expression profiles of exosomal miRNAs, which play critical regulatory roles in many inflammatory responses and disease processes including cancer. We aim to compare the exosomal microRNA expression profile between exclusive e-cigarette users and normal controls without any tobacco product use (non-users).