Bronchoscopic diagnosis and treatment of endobronchial carcinoid: case report and review of the literature.

Carcinoid tumours are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms that mostly occur in younger adults with low tendencies to metastasise. Based on their histological characteristics, they are divided into typical and atypical subtypes. The most common presenting symptoms are due to central airway obstruction.

Endoscopic one-way valve implantation in patients with prolonged air leak and the use of digital air leak monitoring.

Background: Prolonged alveolar-pleural air leaks are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic valve therapy has been recently introduced as a potential less invasive treatment option. We aimed at quantifying the effects of valve therapy on air leak flow and clinical outcomes in patients with prolonged air leaks.