Advancements in Multiple Myeloma Research: High-Throughput Sequencing Technologies, Omics, and the Role of Artificial Intelligence.

Multiple myeloma is a complex and challenging type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. In recent years, the development of advanced research techniques, such as omics approaches-which involve studying large sets of biological data like genes and proteins-and high-throughput sequencing technologies, has allowed researchers to analyze vast amounts of genetic information rapidly and gain new insights into the disease. Additionally, the advent of artificial intelligence tools has accelerated data analysis, enabling more accurate predictions and improved treatment strategies.

Arabidopsis immune responses triggered by cellulose- and mixed-linked glucan-derived oligosaccharides require a group of leucine-rich repeat malectin receptor kinases.

The plant immune system perceives a diversity of carbohydrate ligands from plant and microbial cell walls through the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Among these ligands are oligosaccharides derived from mixed-linked β-1,3/β-1,4-glucans (MLGs; e.g.

Cell wall-derived mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants.

Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate-based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed-linked β-1,3/1,4-glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming.

Computational prediction method to decipher receptor-glycoligand interactions in plant immunity.

Microbial and plant cell walls have been selected by the plant immune system as a source of microbe- and plant damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) that are perceived by extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering immune responses. From the vast number of ligands that PRRs can bind, those composed of carbohydrate moieties are poorly studied, and only a handful of PRR/glycan pairs have been determined. Here we present a computational screening method, based on the first step of molecular dynamics simulation, that is able to predict putative ECD-PRR/glycan interactions.

Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides Act as Damage Associated Molecular Patterns in Plants Regulating Disease Resistance.

Immune responses in plants can be triggered by damage/microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) upon recognition by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). DAMPs are signaling molecules synthesized by plants or released from host cellular structures (e.g.

Differential Expression of Fungal Genes Determines the Lifestyle of Strains During Colonization.

The fungal genus comprises species and strains with different lifestyles on plants, such as , which has served as model for the characterization of basal and nonhost resistance to necrotrophic fungi. We have sequenced, annotated, and compared the genomes and transcriptomes of three strains with different lifestyles on , namely, PcBMM, a natural pathogen of wild-type plants (Col-0), Pc2127, a nonpathogenic strain on Col-0 but pathogenic on the immunocompromised mutant, and P0831, which was isolated from a natural population of and is shown here to be nonpathogenic and to grow epiphytically on Col-0 and plants. The genomes of these strains are very similar and do not differ in the number of genes with pathogenesis-related functions, with the exception of secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), which are up to five times more abundant in the pathogenic strain PcBMM.