Enhancing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccine efficacy through biotherapeutic ligand-associated extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by almost all living cells, have gained significant attention for their role in intercellular communication and their potential as versatile carriers for biotherapeutics. However, the clinical translation of EV-based therapies faces significant challenges, primarily due to the lack of efficient methods for loading biotherapeutic agents into EVs. This study introduces a simple, reproducible strategy for the simultaneous incorporation of various biotherapeutics within EVs.

Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Pediatric COVID-19 Patients Modulate Monocyte and T Cell Immune Responses Based on Disease Severity.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality globally. The role of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pediatric COVID-19 patients remains unclear.

Methods: We isolated EVs from healthy controls (n = 13) and pediatric COVID-19 patients (n = 104) with varying severity during acute and convalescent phases using serial ultracentrifugation.

Immunogenicity and protective capacity of a CpG ODN adjuvanted alum adsorbed bivalent meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, with the main serogroups responsible for the disease being A, B, C, W, X, and Y. To date, several vaccines targeting N. meningitidis have been developed albeit with a short-lived protection.

Development and preclinical evaluation of virus-like particle vaccine against COVID-19 infection.

Background: Vaccines that incorporate multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens can further broaden the breadth of virus-specific cellular and humoral immunity. This study describes the development and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccine that incorporates the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: VLPs were generated in transiently transfected HEK293 cells, purified by multimodal chromatography, and characterized by tunable-resistive pulse sensing, AFM, SEM, and TEM.

TLR ligand loaded exosome mediated immunotherapy of established mammary Tumor in mice.

Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) could be harnessed as an immunotherapeutic cancer vaccine. These nanovesicles are inherently possesses rich tumor antigen reservoirs. Due to their undesirable features such as poor or limited immunogenicity as well as facilitation of cancer development via mediating communication between tumor cells TEXs could be transformed into an effective immune adjuvant delivery system that initiates a strong humoral and cell-mediated tumor-specific immune response.

The role of bcsE gene in the pathogenicity of Salmonella.

The effects of the bcsE gene and BcsE protein on bacterial physiology and pathogenicity in SalmonellaTyphimurium and Salmonella Group C1 were investigated. It was observed that biofilm and pellicle formation did not occur in the bcsE gene mutants of wild-type strains. Besides, the 'rdar' (red, dry, rough) biofilm morphotype in wild-type strains changed significantly in the mutants.