The effect of vitamin E on ethanol-induced liver damage in rats.

Ethanol can have harmful effects on the development of the embryos. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E, as an antioxidant, on changes in liver tissue damaged by ethanol in rats. Rats were divided into 11 groups, control, naive, sunflower oil (oil), ethanol, vitamin E (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), ethanol + vitamin E (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), and oily ethanol.

Protective role of Eugenol against the destructive effects of lead on conditioned fear memory in male rats with post-traumatic stress disorder-related behavioral traits.

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a consequence of living in today's stressful society. Patients have difficulty forgetting traumatic events. lead pollution has many effects on the nervous system, one of which is memory and learning disorders.

The protective role of prenatal administration of ascorbic acid on autistic-like behavior in a rat model of autism.

Background: Autism is a complicated neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by several behavioral impairments. The pathology of autism is complex and not fully known. Several recent studies have shown alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in autism.

Improving behavioral deficits induced by perinatal ethanol and stress exposure in adolescent male rat progeny via maternal melatonin treatment.

Background And Aim: Early-life stressful situations and binge drinking have been thus far acknowledged as two burdensome conditions that potentially give rise to negative outcomes and then synergistically affect brain development. In this context, the hippocampus, with the greatest number of glucocorticoid receptors (GCRs) in the brain, is responsible for regulating negative responses to stress. Prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) exposure can accordingly cause oxidative stress (OS), leading to cognitive and emotional dysfunction.

Intracerebroventricular Injection of MHY1485 Blocked the Beneficial Effect of Adiponectin on Aversive Memory in the STZ Model of Dementia.

Background: The most prominent adipokine, adiponectin (APN), has an adverse relationship with the malfunction of adipose tissue. Obesity causes a decrease in plasma APN levels, which eventually results in insulin resistance and diabetes. In this study, we assessed how the effects of APN on memory are influenced by the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways.

Folic acid improved memory and learning function in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide.

Folic acid (FA) plays an important role in the maintenance of normal neurological functions such as memory and learning function. Neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of FA supplementation on cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injured rats.

Postnatal melatonin administration to stressed dams for ameliorating risk-taking behaviour in rat pups through maternal care improvement.

Background And Aim: Anxiety often occurs both concurrently and sequentially in childhood and adolescence in association with prenatal stress, which may reduce the quality of maternal care and then cause mood disorders among children in later life. Against this background, melatonin, as a powerful antioxidant, was used in the present study to ameliorate risk-taking behaviour induced by pure maternal care in rat pups.

Materials And Methods: The Wistar rat dams recruited in this study were exposed to restraint stress from gestational day (GD) 11 until delivery.

Lateral Hypothalamus Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor-1 Inhibition and Modulating Stress-induced Anxiety Behavior.

Introduction: Stress is a reaction to unwanted events disturbing body homeostasis and its pathways and target areas. Stress affects the brain through the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the orexinergic system that mediates the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) through CRH Receptor Type 1 (CRHr1). Therefore, this study explores the outcome of stress exposure on anxiety development and the involvement of the LHA through LHA-CRHr1.

Hippocampal orexin-1 and endocannabinoid-1 receptors underlie the kainate-induced occlusion in theta-burst long- term potentiation.

Introduction: Seizures may result from the hyperexcitable neuronal activity of the brain. Multiple neurotransmitter receptors, including orexin (OX) and endocannabinoids interfere with forming the synaptic responses linked to the seizures. Therefore, this study investigates the involvement of OX-1 (OX1R) and endocannbinoid-1 (CB1R) receptors in the kainate- induced excitability in the synaptic field responses.

The Combined Effects of Perinatal Ethanol and Early-Life Stress on Cognition and Risk-Taking Behavior through Oxidative Stress in Rats.

Both prenatal ethanol and early-life stress have been shown to induce reduced risk-taking and explorative behavior as well as cognitive dysfunction in the offspring. In this study, we examined the effect of combined exposure to ethanol and early stress on maternal care, exploratory behavior, memory performances, and oxidative stress in male offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to ethanol (4 g/kg) from gestational day (GD) 6-to postnatal day (PND) 14 and limited nesting material (LNS) from PND0-PND14 individually or in combination.

Hippocampal orexin receptors: Localization and function.

Orexin (hypocretin) is secreted from the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus and is well known for sleep regulation. Orexin has two, orexin A and B, transcripts and two receptors, type 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R), located in the plasma membrane of neurons in different brain areas, including the hippocampus involved in learning, memory, seizures, and epilepsy, as physiologic and pathologic phenomena. OX1R is expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and the OX2R in the CA3 areas.

Quercetin fail to protect against the neurotoxic effects of chronic homocysteine administration on motor behavior and oxidative stress in the adult rat's cerebellum.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an excitatory amino acid that contains thiol group and derives from the methionine metabolism. It increases vulnerability of the neuronal cells to excitotoxic and oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) effects on rat cerebellum and the possible protective role of quercetin administration in Hcy-treated rats, using behavioral and biochemical analyzes.

Maternal ethanol exposure induces behavioral deficits through oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor interrelation in rat offspring.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy damages the central nervous system of developing fetus and results in persistent physical and neurobehavioral abnormalities, including learning and memory disorders. The hippocampus which is involved in learning and memory is highly susceptible to the ethanol neurotoxic effects. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms in alcohol-induced disorders.

Bioactive Carboxymethyl Starch-Based Hydrogels Decorated with CuO Nanoparticles: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties and Accelerated Wound Healing In Vivo.

In this study, nanocomposite hydrogels composed of sodium carboxymethylated starch (CMS)-containing CuO nanoparticles (CMS@CuO) were synthesized and used as experimental wound healing materials. The hydrogels were fabricated by a solution-casting technique using citric acid as a crosslinking agent. They were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate their physicochemical properties.

Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is essential for the memory improving effect of adiponectin.

Adiponectin (APN) plays a major role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Insulin and APN have a positive effect on memory. In this study, we examined whether the inhibition of AMPK could block the memory improving effect of APN or affect the IRS1 expression.

Folic Acid Protects Rat Cerebellum Against Oxidative Damage Caused by Homocysteine: the Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 Apoptotic Genes.

There is evidence that oxidative stress involves in homocysteine-induced pathogenesis. Considering the antioxidative properties of folic acid and its involvement as a cofactor for methionine synthase (MS) in the homocysteine-methionine cycle, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism associated with homocysteine-induced toxicity and its prevention with folic acid supplementation. Male rat pups were divided into four groups including control, homocysteine (Hcy), Hcy + folic acid and folic acid groups.

Vitamin E attenuates alterations in learning, memory and BDNF levels caused by perinatal ethanol exposure.

Alcohol exposure during pregnancy affects the developing fetus and causes a variety of physical and neurological abnormalities. Here we aim to study the effects of vitamin E on spatial learning and memory deficits and on changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels following perinatal ethanol exposure in rats. Pregnant Wistar rats received ethanol (4 g/kg) and vitamin E (doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on day 0 of gestation (GD) until weaning (28 days).

Hippocampal orexin receptor blocking prevented the stress induced social learning and memory deficits.

Stress as a homeostatic challenge leads to the malfunction of learning and memory processes, namely social learning and memory. The orexin system is involved in stress responses through connections to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA). In addition, the hippocampus, a structure vulnerable to stress-induced changes, expresses orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OXr1 and OXr2) in various sub-regions.

Postnatal Administration of Homocysteine Induces Cerebellar Damage in Rats: Protective Effect of Folic Acid.

A widely held view suggests that homocysteine (Hcy) can contribute to neurodegeneration through promotion of oxidative stress. There is evidence that homocysteine is toxic to cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vitro; however, in vivo action of Hcy on Purkinje cell has not been investigated so far. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the Hcy effects on neonatal rat cerebellum and cerebellar oxidative stress.

Effect of WIN55-212-2 and Consequences of Extinction Training on Conditioned Fear Memory in PTSD Male Rats.

Introduction: This study investigates the effects of cannabinoid agonist WIN55-212-2 on acquisition and consolidation phases of the fear memory extinction and also on anxiety and motor activity.

Methods: In this study, we used SPS & S model to induce post-traumatic stress disorder. One week after SPS, to establish a conditioned fear memory, rats received an electric foot shock within shock chamber.

Conditioned Medium Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinsonian Rats.

Objective: Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) secrete numerous neurotrophic factors and cytokines in conditioned medium (CM), which protect neurons by its antioxidative and trophic effects. This research assesses the neuroprotective effect of ASCCM on neurotrophins genes expressions and tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH) cell density in male Wistar rats lesioned by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).

Materials And Methods: In this experimental study, the groups consisted of lesioned and sham rats with unilateral injections of 20 μg of 6-OHDA neurotoxin and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the striatum, respectively.

Posterior hypothalamus glutamate infusion decreases pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures of male rats through hippocampal histamine increase.

Objectives: Seizures are epileptic manifestations that are intrinsically modulated through different neurotransmitters and receptor systems. Although glutamate increases excitation and hence seizures, it activates other systems which could potentially terminate seizures. Histamine originates from neurons of the posterior hypothalamus (PH) and can mediate anticonvulsant properties, but the effect of local PH glutamate on hippocampal histamine content is unknown.

Maternal administration of melatonin prevents spatial learning and memory deficits induced by developmental ethanol and lead co-exposure.

Melatonin is a radical scavenger with the ability to remove reactive oxidant species. There is report that co-exposure to lead and ethanol during developmental stages induces learning and memory deficits and oxidative stress. Here, we studied the effect of melatonin, with strong antioxidant properties, on memory deficits induced by lead and ethanol co-exposure and oxidative stress in hippocampus.

Evaluating the role of astrocytes on β-estradiol effect on seizures of Pilocarpine epileptic model.

Epilepsy with periodic and unpredictable seizures is associated with hippocampal glutamate toxicity and tissue reorganization. Astrocytes play an important role in mediating the neuroprotective effects of estradiol and reducing seizure severity. Accordingly, the protective effects of low and high doses of estradiol on behavioral, astrocytic involvement and neuronal survival aspects of Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy were investigated.

Acute stress does not affect the impairing effect of chronic stress on memory retrieval.

Objectives: Due to the prevalence and pervasiveness of stress in modern life and exposure to both chronic and acute stresses, it is not clear whether prior exposure to chronic stress can influence the impairing effects of acute stress on memory retrieval. This issue was tested in this study.

Materials And Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control, acute, chronic, and chronic + acute stress groups.