Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity.

Background: The immune system is able to recognize substances that originate from inside or outside the body and are potentially harmful. Foreign substances that bind to immune system components exhibit antigenicity and are defined as antigens. The antigens exhibiting immunogenicity can induce innate or adaptive immune responses and give rise to humoral or cell-mediated immunity.

Medicinal Plants with Anti-dengue and Immunomodulatory Activity.

Dengue fever is a disease with a high mortality rate around the world, which is an important issue for the health authorities of many countries. As a result of this, the search for new drugs that are effective to combat this disease has become necessary. Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times to treat a wide list of diseases, including dengue fever.

Tannic Acid Exhibits Adjuvant Activity by Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Against BSA as a Protein Antigen.

Background: Immunization or vaccination is the process of inducing artificial immunity against an antigen taking advantage of the mechanisms of immunological memory. Current vaccines include substances known as adjuvants, which tend to improve the immunogenicity of the antigen, reduce the antigen quantity employed, and boost the immune response in weak responders. Unfortunately, only a few vaccine adjuvants are approved for human use.

Oxidative Stress as a Molecular Mechanism of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides: A Review.

Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides is an important public health issue due to a large number of occupationally exposed populations, as well as their effects mainly at the level of the nervous, reproductive, and immune systems. It has been reported that one of the molecular mechanisms by which adverse effects of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides can be explained is oxidative stress, which leads to alterations at the cellular level that, if chronic, could affect the functionality of different organs and tissues. These data constitute the basis of the relevant literature on its toxicity.

Insights from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology into Phenolic Biopharmaceuticals against COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had infected more than 3.5M people around the world and more than 250K people died in 187 countries by May 2020. The causal agent of this disease is a coronavirus whose onset of symptoms to death range from 6 to 41 days with a median of 14 days.

Leptin G-2548A and Leptin Receptor Q223R Gene Polymorphisms are Differently Associated with Oxidative Process in Mexican Mestizo and Indigenous with Obesity.

Unlabelled: Leptin levels and oxidative stress are implicated in obesity risk. Reports of association of leptin gene (LEP) and leptin receptor gene (LEPR) polymorphisms with leptin elevation are contradictory in a diverse population. Only a few studies report the linkage of obesity with biochemical markers and genetic factors.

Leaf and Fruit Methanolic Extracts of Azadirachta indica Exhibit Antifertility Activity on Rats' Sperm Quality and Testicular Histology.

Background: The world's population is still growing, having an impact on the environment and the economic growth of developing countries; so that, there is a particular interest in the development of new fertility control methods, focused on male contraception.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of Azadirachta indica on sperm quality and testicular histology of Long Evans rats.

Methods: Antifertility effects of a methanolic leaf and fruit extracts of A.

Plant Phenolics as Pathogen-Carrier Immunogenicity Modulator Haptens.

Background: Pathogens use multiple mechanisms to disrupt cell functioning in their host and allow pathogenesis. These mechanisms involve communication between the pathogen and the host cell through protein-protein interactions.

Methods: Protein-protein interactions chains referred to as signal transduction pathways are the processes by which a chemical or physical signal transmits through a cell as series of molecular events so the pathogen needs to intercept these molecular pathways at few positions to induce pathogenesis such as pathogen viability, infection or hypersensitivity.

Plant Phenolics and Lectins as Vaccine Adjuvants.

Background: The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination.