Alternative Vaccination Routes against Paratuberculosis Modulate Local Immune Response and Interference with Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Laboratory Animal Models.

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an enteric granulomatous disease caused by subsp. (MAP) that mainly affects ruminants. Current vaccines have shown to be cost-effective control reagents, although they are restricted due to cross-interference with bovine tuberculosis (bTB).