Variation in surgical treatment advice for women with stress urinary incontinence: a study using clinical case vignettes.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine how recommendations of gynaecologists on surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were influenced by patient characteristics.

Methods: Two hundred forty-five gynaecologists in the UK fully responded to an online questionnaire including 18 vignettes describing 7 clinical characteristics of women with SUI (age, body mass index, SUI type, previous SUI surgery, frequency of leakage, bother, physical status). The gynaecologists scored recommendations for surgery ranging from 1 'certainly not' to 5 'certainly yes'.

Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity.

Turkey has successfully introduced health system changes and provided its citizens with the right to health to achieve universal health coverage, which helped to address inequities in financing, health service access, and health outcomes. We trace the trajectory of health system reforms in Turkey, with a particular emphasis on 2003-13, which coincides with the Health Transformation Program (HTP). The HTP rapidly expanded health insurance coverage and access to health-care services for all citizens, especially the poorest population groups, to achieve universal health coverage.

Place of death: U.S. trends since 1980.

Place of death is one indicator of the state of end-of-life care. We examine trends in national death certificate data on place of death from 1980 to 1998. During these years the percentage of Americans dying as hospital inpatients decreased from approximately 54 percent to 41 percent.