The missing pieces: an investigation into the parallels between Charles Bonnet, phantom limb and tinnitus syndromes.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition characterised by visual hallucinations of varying complexity on a background of vision loss. CBS research has gained popularity only in recent decades, despite evidence dating back to 1760. Knowledge of CBS among both the patient and professional populations unfortunately remains poor, and little is known of its underlying pathophysiology.

Neurochemistry and functional connectivity in the brain of people with Charles Bonnet syndrome.

Background: Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition in which people with vision loss experience complex visual hallucinations. These complex visual hallucinations may be caused by increased excitability in the visual cortex that are present in some people with vision loss but not others.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the association between γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the visual cortex and CBS.

Universal dynamic fitting of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Purpose: Dynamic (2D) MRS is a collection of techniques where acquisitions of spectra are repeated under varying experimental or physiological conditions. Dynamic MRS comprises a rich set of contrasts, including diffusion-weighted, relaxation-weighted, functional, edited, or hyperpolarized spectroscopy, leading to quantitative insights into multiple physiological or microstructural processes. Conventional approaches to dynamic MRS analysis ignore the shared information between spectra, and instead proceed by independently fitting noisy individual spectra before modeling temporal changes in the parameters.

GABA and Glutamate in hMT+ Link to Individual Differences in Residual Visual Function After Occipital Stroke.

Background: Damage to the primary visual cortex following an occipital stroke causes loss of conscious vision in the contralateral hemifield. Yet, some patients retain the ability to detect moving visual stimuli within their blind field. The present study asked whether such individual differences in blind field perception following loss of primary visual cortex could be explained by the concentration of neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate or activity of the visual motion processing, human middle temporal complex (hMT+).

Investigating the human binocular visual system using multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging.

Having two forward-facing eyes with slightly different viewpoints enables animals, including humans, to discriminate fine differences in depth (disparities), which can facilitate interaction with the world. The binocular visual system starts in the primary visual cortex because that is where information from the eyes is integrated for the first time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an ideal tool to non-invasively investigate this system since it can provide a range of detailed measures about structure, function, neurochemistry and connectivity of the human brain.

Event-related functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique used to measure the concentration of different neurochemicals. "Single-voxel" MRS data is typically acquired across several minutes, before individual transients are averaged through time to give a measurement of neurochemical concentrations. However, this approach is not sensitive to more rapid temporal dynamics of neurochemicals, including those that reflect functional changes in neural computation relevant to perception, cognition, motor control and ultimately behaviour.

Resting Heart Rate Variability and Emotion Dysregulation in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Emotion dysregulation is common among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined the relationship between emotion dysregulation and resting heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of the autonomic nervous system, in ASD adolescents. Resting HRV data were collected from ASD (n = 23) and typically developing (TD) adolescents (n = 32) via short-term electrocardiogram.

A Prospective Intervention to Reduce Burnout Among Academic Radiologists.

Rationale And Objectives: Few studies have examined what constitutes effective interventions to reduce burnout among radiologists. We compared self-reported burnout among academic medical center radiologists before and after a series of departmental initiatives intended to increase wellbeing and professional satisfaction.

Materials And Methods: This Institutional Review Board-approved, prospective study took place 2017-2019 in a tertiary academic medical center.

Patterns of Screening Recall Behavior Among Subspecialty Breast Radiologists.

Rationale And Objectives: Determine whether there are patterns of lesion recall among breast imaging subspecialists interpreting screening mammography, and if so, whether recall patterns correlate to morphologies of screen-detected cancers.

Materials And Methods: This Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective review included all screening examinations January 3, 2012-October 1, 2018 interpreted by fifteen breast imaging subspecialists at a large academic medical center and two outpatient imaging centers. Natural language processing identified radiologist recalls by lesion type (mass, calcifications, asymmetry, architectural distortion); proportions of callbacks by lesion types were calculated per radiologist.

Rational Development of a Carrier-Free Dry Powder Inhalation Formulation for Respiratory Viral Infections via Quality by Design: A Drug-Drug Cocrystal of Favipiravir and Theophylline.

Formulating pharmaceutical cocrystals as inhalable dosage forms represents a unique niche in effective management of respiratory infections. Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with potential pharmacological activity against SARS-CoV-2, exhibits a low aqueous solubility. An ultra-high oral dose is essential, causing low patient compliance.

MRI Stereoscope: A Miniature Stereoscope for Human Neuroimaging.

Stereoscopic vision enables the perception of depth. To study the brain mechanisms behind stereoscopic vision using noninvasive brain imaging (magnetic resonance brain imaging; MRI), scientists need to reproduce the independent views of the left and right eyes in the brain scanner using "dichoptic" displays. However, high-quality dichoptic displays are technically challenging and costly to implement in the MRI scanner.

Memory recall involves a transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance.

The brain has a remarkable capacity to acquire and store memories that can later be selectively recalled. These processes are supported by the hippocampus which is thought to index memory recall by reinstating information stored across distributed neocortical circuits. However, the mechanism that supports this interaction remains unclear.

GABAergic inhibition in the human visual cortex relates to eye dominance.

Binocular vision is created by fusing the separate inputs arriving from the left and right eyes. 'Eye dominance' provides a measure of the perceptual dominance of one eye over the other. Theoretical models suggest that eye dominance is related to reciprocal inhibition between monocular units in the primary visual cortex, the first location where the binocular input is combined.

Asymmetric left-right hippocampal glutamatergic modulation of cognitive control in ApoE-isoform subjects is unrelated to neuroinflammation.

The glutamatergic cycle is essential in modulating memory processing by the hippocampal circuitry. Our combined proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( H-MRS) and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (using face-name paired-associates encoding and retrieval task) of a cognitively normal cohort of 67 healthy adults (18 ApoE4 carriers and 49 non-ApoE4 carriers) found altered patterns of relationships between glutamatergic-modulated synaptic signalling and neuronal activity or functional hyperaemia in the ApoE4 isoforms. Our study highlighted the asymmetric left-right hippocampal glutamatergic system in modulating neuronal activities in ApoE4 carriers versus non-carriers.

Variation in Radiologists' Follow-Up Imaging Recommendations for Small Cystic Pancreatic Lesions.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence, identify imaging and patient factors, and measure individual radiologist variation associated with follow-up recommendations for small focal cystic pancreatic lesions (FCPLs), a common incidental imaging finding.

Methods: This institutional review board-approved retrospective study analyzed 146,709 reports from abdominal CTs and MRIs performed in a large academic hospital from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. A trained natural language processing tool identified 4,345 reports with FCPLs, which were manually reviewed to identify those containing one or more <1.

Small-World Networks and Their Relationship With Hippocampal Glutamine/Glutamate Concentration in Healthy Adults With Varying Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (ApoE4) is the most common gene polymorphism related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired synaptic dysfunction occurs in ApoE4 carriers before any clinical symptoms. It remains unknown whether ApoE4 status affects the hippocampal neuromodulation, which further influences brain network topology.

Investigating the neurochemistry of the human visual system using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Biochemical processes underpin the structure and function of the visual cortex, yet our understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry of the visual brain is incomplete. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging tool that allows chemical quantification of living tissue by detecting minute differences in the resonant frequency of molecules. Application of MRS in the human brain in vivo has advanced our understanding of how the visual brain consumes energy to support neural function, how its neural substrates change as a result of disease or dysfunction, and how neural populations signal during perception and plasticity.

Radiologist Variation in the Rates of Follow-up Imaging Recommendations Made for Pulmonary Nodules.

Objective: Determine whether differences exist in rates of follow-up recommendations made for pulmonary nodules after accounting for multiple patient and radiologist factors.

Methods: This Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective study was performed at an urban academic quaternary care hospital. We analyzed 142,001 chest and abdominal CT reports from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, from abdominal, thoracic, and emergency radiology subspecialty divisions.

Can emergency department provider notes help to achieve more dynamic clinical decision support?

Objective: Assess whether clinical data were present in emergency department (ED) provider notes at time of order entry for cervical spine (c-spine) imaging that could be used to augment or pre-populate clinical decision support (CDS) attributes.

Methods: This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study, performed in a quaternary hospital, included all encounters for adult ED patients seen April 1, 2013-September 30, 2014 for a chief complaint of trauma who received c-spine computed tomography (CT) or x-ray. We assessed proportion of ED encounters with at least 1 c-spine-specific CDS rule attribute in clinical notes available at the time of imaging order and agreement between attributes in clinical notes and data entered into CDS.

Self-reported Burnout: Comparison of Radiologists to Nonradiologist Peers at a Large Academic Medical Center.

Rationale And Objectives: Relatively little data exist on factors associated with radiologists' burnout versus other medical specialties. We compared self-reported burnout among academic medical center radiologists versus nonradiologist peers to inform initiatives to increase wellbeing and professional satisfaction.

Materials And Methods: In 2017, our large urban academic medical center administered the Stanford Physician Wellness Survey to faculty in fifteen clinical departments (fourteen academic, one community-based).

Predictors of Self-Reported Burnout Among Radiology Faculty at a Large Academic Medical Center.

Objective: Determine predictors of self-reported burnout among academic radiologists.

Methods: In 2017, radiologists at an urban medical center completed the Stanford Wellness Survey, rating burnout via Likert scale (0: no burnout; 1: occasional stress, no burnout; 2: one or more burnout symptoms; 3: persistent burnout symptoms; 4: completely burned out). Univariate analyses assessed age, gender, family situation, clinical versus research focus, and academic rank for association with burnout (Likert scale ≥ 2).

Effects of social support and depression on problematic drinking among trauma-exposed Chinese adults: A population-based study.

Background: Alcohol consumption is prevalent and alcohol-related problems are a considerable social issue in China. Over 17% of Chinese consume alcohol regularly. Exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTE) is associated with increased alcohol-related problems.