How good is artificial intelligence (AI) at solving hairy problems? A review of AI applications in hair restoration and hair disorders.

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in medicine are rapidly evolving. Deep learning diagnostic models that can accurately classify skin lesions have been developed. New AI applications are also starting to emerge in the hair restoration field.

Hair loss treatment information on Facebook: Content analysis and comparison with other online sources.

Background: Facebook is the biggest online social networking platform, and it is being utilized by patients for peer support as well as to explore treatment options. Hair loss patients can experience negative psychological effects and are likely to turn to social networking platforms for support and treatment information.

Aims: To evaluate the type and quality of Facebook hair loss treatment information that can be accessed by hair loss patients.

Analysis of YouTube hair loss treatment information: What makes for engaging content?

Patients are increasingly seeking effective hair loss treatments. The internet and social media are popular sources of health information, but the quality and reliability of the content available to patients is highly variable. More than two thirds of American adults reported using YouTube in 2019.

DRM02, a novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor with cutaneous anti-inflammatory activity.

Chronic inflammatory skin disorders are frequently associated with impaired skin barrier function. Selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibition constitutes an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. We now report the pharmacological anti-inflammatory profile of DRM02, a novel pyrazolylbenzothiazole derivative with selective inhibitory activity toward PDE4 isoforms A, B and D.

Targeting FER Kinase Inhibits Melanoma Growth and Metastasis.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of tumors and exhibits high metastatic potential. Fes-related (FER) kinase is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in growth and metastasis of various epithelial tumors. In this study, we have examined the role that FER kinase plays in melanoma at the molecular level.

Integrin-linked kinase and ELMO2 modulate recycling endosomes in keratinocytes.

The formation of tight cell-cell junctions is essential in the epidermis for its barrier properties. In this tissue, keratinocytes follow a differentiation program tightly associated with their movement from the innermost basal to the outer suprabasal layers, and with changes in their cell-cell adhesion profile. Intercellular adhesion in keratinocytes is mediated through cell-cell contacts, including E-cadherin-based adherens junctions.

An ELMO2-RhoG-ILK network modulates microtubule dynamics.

ELMO2 belongs to a family of scaffold proteins involved in phagocytosis and cell motility. ELMO2 can simultaneously bind integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and RhoG, forming tripartite ERI complexes. These complexes are involved in promoting β1 integrin-dependent directional migration in undifferentiated epidermal keratinocytes.

Analysis of nuclear export using photoactivatable GFP fusion proteins and interspecies heterokaryons.

In this chapter, we review protocols for the analysis of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of transcription factors and nuclear proteins, using two different approaches. The first involves the use of photoactivatable forms of the protein of interest by fusion to photoactivatable green fluorescent protein to follow its movement out of the nucleus by live-cell confocal microscopy. This methodology allows for the kinetic characterization of protein movements as well as measurement of steady-state levels.

A novel mechanism of E2F1 regulation via nucleocytoplasmic shuttling: determinants of nuclear import and export.

E2F1 is a transcription factor central for cell survival, proliferation, and repair following genomic insult. Depending on the cell type and conditions, E2F1 can induce apoptosis in transformed cells, behaving as a tumour suppressor, or impart growth advantages favouring tumour formation. The pleiotropic functions of E2F1 are a likely consequence of its ability to transcriptionally control a wide variety of target genes, and require tight regulation of its activity at multiple levels.

Signalling in the epidermis: the E2F cell cycle regulatory pathway in epidermal morphogenesis, regeneration and transformation.

The epidermis is the outermost layer in the skin, and it is the first line of defence against the environment. The epidermis also provides a barrier against loss of fluids and electrolytes, which is crucial for life. Essential in the maintenance of this tissue is its ability to continually self-renew and regenerate after injury.

Serp-1, a viral anti-inflammatory serpin, regulates cellular serine proteinase and serpin responses to vascular injury.

Complex DNA viruses have tapped into cellular serpin responses that act as key regulatory steps in coagulation and inflammatory cascades. Serp-1 is one such viral serpin that effectively protects virus-infected tissues from host inflammatory responses. When given as purified protein, Serp-1 markedly inhibits vascular monocyte invasion and plaque growth in animal models.

Active nuclear import and export pathways regulate E2F-5 subcellular localization.

Epidermal keratinocyte differentiation is accompanied by differential regulation of E2F genes, including up-regulation of E2F-5 and its concomitant association with the retinoblastoma family protein p130. This complex appears to play a role in irreversible withdrawal from the cell cycle in differentiating keratinocytes. We now report that keratinocyte differentiation is also accompanied by changes in E2F-5 subcellular localization, from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.