Epilepsy: Mitochondrial connections to the 'Sacred' disease.

Over 65 million people suffer from recurrent, unprovoked seizures. The lack of validated biomarkers specific for myriad forms of epilepsy makes diagnosis challenging. Diagnosis and monitoring of childhood epilepsy add to the need for non-invasive biomarkers, especially when evaluating antiseizure medications.

Treatment and prevention of pathological mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal degeneration and in photoreceptor injury.

Pathological deterioration of mitochondrial function is increasingly linked with multiple degenerative illnesses as a mediator of a wide range of neurologic and age-related chronic diseases, including those of genetic origin. Several of these diseases are rare, typically defined in the United States as an illness affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S.

Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities.

Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries.

Klotho Pathways, Myelination Disorders, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Epigenetic Drugs.

In this review we outline a rationale for identifying neuroprotectants aimed at inducing endogenous Klotho activity and expression, which is epigenetic action, by definition. Such an approach should promote remyelination and/or stimulate myelin repair by acting on mitochondrial function, thereby heralding a life-saving path forward for patients suffering from neuroinflammatory diseases. Disorders of myelin in the nervous system damage the transmission of signals, resulting in loss of vision, motion, sensation, and other functions depending on the affected nerves, currently with no effective treatment.

A New Approach to Treating Neurodegenerative Otologic Disorders.

Hearing loss, the most common neurological disorder and the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability, can have profound effects on quality of life. The impact of this "invisible disability," with significant consequences, economic and personal, is most substantial in low- and middle-income countries, where >80% of affected people live. Given the importance of hearing for communication, enjoyment, and safety, with up to 500 million affected globally at a cost of nearly $800 billion/year, research on new approaches toward prevention and treatment is attracting increased attention.

Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Ophthalmic Disorders: An Eye Toward the Future.

Eye disease is one of the primary medical conditions that requires attention and therapeutic intervention in ageing populations worldwide. Further, the global burden of diabetes and obesity, along with heart disease, all lead to secondary manifestations of ophthalmic distress. Therefore, there is increased interest in developing innovative new approaches that target various mechanisms and sequelae driving conditions that result in adverse vision.

Epigenetic Treatment of Persistent Viral Infections.

Preclinical Research Approximately 2,500 years ago, Hippocrates used the word herpes as a medical term to describe lesions that appeared to creep or crawl on the skin, advocating heat as a possible treatment. During the last 50 years, pharmaceutical research has made great strides, and therapeutic options have expanded to include small molecule antiviral agents, protease inhibitors, preventive vaccines for a handful of the papillomaviruses, and even cures for hepatitis C virus infections. However, effective treatments for persistent and recurrent viral infections, particularly the highly prevalent herpesviruses, continue to represent a significant unmet medical need, affecting the majority of the world's population.

Orbital fractures: a review.

THIS REVIEW OF ORBITAL FRACTURES HAS THREE GOALS: 1) to understand the clinically relevant orbital anatomy with regard to periorbital trauma and orbital fractures, 2) to explain how to assess and examine a patient after periorbital trauma, and 3) to understand the medical and surgical management of orbital fractures. The article aims to summarize the evaluation and management of commonly encountered orbital fractures from the ophthalmologic perspective and to provide an overview for all practicing ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists in training.

Anatomic properties of the upper eyelid in Asian Americans.

Background: With increasing demand for "double eyelid" surgery within the United States, it becomes prudent for U.S. surgeons to become familiar with Asian eyelid anatomy.

Definition of the tear trough and the tear trough rating scale.

Background: Nasojugal groove and tear trough are interchangeably used terms by many authors in the literature despite the fact that they describe distinct and different anatomic entities. In the same vein, there are multiple descriptions of treatments and techniques for the cosmetic improvement of these anatomic areas without specifically addressing the anatomic difference between them.

Objective: This study aims to define the anatomic characteristics of the tear trough and describe a novel classification scale for the evaluation of the tear trough deformity.

Noninvasive techniques in periorbital rejuvenation.

The combination of noninvasive treatments in the periorbital area can be used to achieve dramatic and long-lasting results. New technologies and current therapies may supplement or even delay traditional surgical procedures.

Filling agents.

Injectable fillers have become an important component of minimally invasive facial rejuvenation modalities. Their ease of use, effectiveness, low morbidity, and fast results with minimal downtime are factors that have made them popular among patients. Soft tissue augmentation has evolved to a unique combination of medicine and art.

Chronic subperiosteal hematic cyst formation twelve years after orbital fracture repair with alloplastic orbital floor implant.

An 89-year-old female patient with a history of a left orbital floor fracture repair with synthetic implant 12 years prior, presented with a three-week history of blurry vision, inferior conjunctival chemosis and proptosis of the left eye. CT scan revealed a well-circumscribed subperiosteal lesion with superior elevation of the orbital floor implant. The patient underwent transconjunctival orbital surgery with removal of the implant and drainage of the subperiosteal hemorrhagic cyst.

Nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid for lip augmentation and facial rhytid ablation.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid as an injectable filling agent.

Design: Nonrandomized, retrospective, interventional case series.

Results: A total of 1446 consecutive patients (1029 women and 417 men) underwent intradermal injection of commercially available nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid (2242 treatments) for the enhancement of lip volume and contour and the reduction of visible facial rhytids.

Contact transscleral neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation Long-term outcome.

Purpose: Contact transscleral neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser cyclophotocoagulation (CYC) is a treatment option for advanced glaucoma refractory to alternative treatments. This study determined the long-term efficacy and risks of contact transscleral Nd:YAG laser CYC.

Design: A prospective study was performed with patients with advanced, uncontrolled glaucoma who received CYC from 1988 through 1989.

Sunglasses- and photochromic lens-wearing patterns in spectacle and/or contact lens-wearing individuals.

Purpose: To determine differences in wearing patterns of sunglasses and/or photochromic lenses in spectacle and contact lens wearers, to assess patient awareness of the indications for the use of tinted lenses, and to identify wearers' lens tint preferences.

Methods: A total of 100 individuals wearing some combination of contact lenses and spectacles participated in a survey questionnaire composed of 14 questions. Participants were asked if they used sunglasses/photochromic lenses, why they used them, their preferred lens tints, and temporal and seasonal patterns of use.