Galcanezumab add-on in refractory cluster headache. A case series.

Cluster headache (CH), a highly disabling condition, lacks disease-specific, mechanism-based prophylactic treatment. Galganezumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide, reduced the weekly attacks of CH in one randomized, placebo-controlled trial for the prevention of episodic CH (eCH), but this effect was not detected in people with chronic CH (cCH). In this case series, we systematically monitored the efficacy and safety outcomes of adjunctive therapy in 11 people with refractory CH (failure of ≥ 3 prophylactic treatments; eCH  = 5, cCH,  = 6) who received galcanezumab (120-360 mg monthly) for 3 consecutive months.

Current perspectives on the recognition and diagnosis of low CSF pressure headache syndromes.

Introduction: Headaches occur when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure drops following dural puncture or trauma or spontaneously. As the features of these headaches and their accompanying symptoms might not be typical, low CSF pressure headache syndromes, and spontaneous intracranial hypotension in particular, are often misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed.

Areas Covered: The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the clinical presentation and the diagnosis of low CSF pressure headache syndromes.

Clock-Drawing Tasks as Predictive Measurements for Disease Classification Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Essential Tremor.

Background Nonmotor cognitive symptoms are widely being recognized in both Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET), the two most common movement disorders. Clock-drawing (CD) test seems to be impaired early in the process of cognitive (executive) decline in PD. However, the optimal measures for detecting cognitive changes in ET patients have not been established.

A Novel Machine Learning Algorithm Predicts Dementia With Lewy Bodies Versus Parkinson's Disease Dementia Based on Clinical and Neuropsychological Scores.

Objective: Our aim was to develop a machine learning algorithm based only on non-invasively clinic collectable predictors, for the accurate diagnosis of these disorders.

Methods: This is an ongoing prospective cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT number NCT04448340) of 78 PDD and 62 DLB subjects whose diagnostic follow-up is available for at least 3 years after the baseline assessment.

Psychosocial and Trauma-Related Stress and Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analytic Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.

Stress has deleterious effects on brain health and yet, the prognostic value of psychosocial stress regarding the most common types of dementias, including Alzheimer disease, is still unclear. The primary aim of this systematic review was to explore the association between psychosocial stress and late onset dementia. We classified 24articles from Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science, as pertaining toxic categories of psychosocial and trauma-related stress (low socio-economic status [SES] related inequalities, marital status, posttraumatic stress disorder, work stress, "vital exhaustion" [VE], and, combined stressors).

Primary headache subtypes and thyroid dysfunction: Is there any association?

Background: Primary headaches, and particularly migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) as well as hypothyroidism are common medical conditions. To date, numerous studies have suggested a possible bidirectional relationship between migraine and hypothyroidism, although certain studies had contradictory results.

Objective: To investigate whether there is any association between primary headache subtypes and thyroid disorders.

Nocebo in Biosimilars and Generics in Neurology: A Systematic Review.

Nocebo refers to adverse events related to patients' negative expectations and previous experiences, mediated by several neurobiological pathways within the brain. It is common among neurological patients and affects adherence and treatment outcomes, representing a real clinical challenge. We conducted a systematic search based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines in MEDLINE database, using several keywords for studies that can be processed to investigate the magnitude of nocebo in generics and biosimilars used in the most common neurological diseases.

Relationship of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache With Hypothyroidism: A Literature Review.

Background: Migraine, tension-type headache, and hypothyroidism constitute very common medical conditions. Headache is one of the most common symptoms of hypothyroidism, occurring in approximately one-third of the patients. To date, data about the relationship between migraine and tension-type headache and thyroid dysfunction, and in particular hypothyroidism have been contradictory, while the underlying pathophysiological basis explaining this association is still unclear.

Moyamoya Disease May Mimic Multiple Sclerosis?

Introduction: A wide range of medical conditions may mimic multiple sclerosis. Among them, cerebrovascular diseases, including moyamoya disease, need to be excluded since they share common clinical features and radiographic findings with multiple sclerosis.

Case Report: A 44-year-old woman experienced transient numbness of her right sided face and arm and was referred to our unit due to small brain lesions in magnetic resonance imaging, with a possible diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Convexity Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Cardioembolic Stroke in a Woman with Thyrotoxicosis: Α Case Report.

Background: Non-traumatic convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) is a rarely reported condition with a wide spectrum of etiologies. Cerebral ischemia secondary to extracranial or intracranial atherosclerotic disease has been identified as a relatively uncommon cause of cSAH.

Case Report: We report a case of cSAH caused by cardioembolic stroke.