Posner-Schlossman Syndrome European Study Group: study protocol and baseline patients characteristics of a multicentre study.

Background: The aim of the Posner-Schlossman Syndrome European Study Group (PSS-ESG) is to acquire a comprehensive dataset of European patients with PSS. Here, we present the first report on the study protocol and the clinical findings of the patients at baseline.

Methods: The PSS-ESG is a retrospective, multicentre study designed to evaluate patients with PSS.

Acute-Onset Retinal Conditions Mimicking Acute Optic Neuritis: Overview and Differential Diagnosis.

Acute optic neuritis (AON) is a common cause of sudden visual loss in young patients. Because of the risk of demyelinating disease, patients affected by unilateral or bilateral optic neuritis should be evaluated and treated accordingly. Despite advancements in imaging of the brain and retina, misdiagnosis of AON is not uncommon.

Clinical Reasoning: Wilbrand's Knee, Scotoma of Traquair, and Normal Tension Glaucoma.

An otherwise healthy 63-year-old woman was given a diagnosis of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in the right eye (OD) 2 months before presentation. Standard computerized perimetry showed a unilateral right hemianoptic temporal field defect. On examination visual acuity was preserved, intraocular pressure was normal, there was a right relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) with an asymmetric cupping of the disc, but no pallor.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Chiasmitis.

A 29-year-old girl presented complaining of acute bilateral visual loss associated with mild headache and retrobulbar pain. She was diagnosed with chiasmal optic neuritis caused by multiple sclerosis. Her visual acuity and visual field defect promptly improved after steroid therapy.

PREDICTIVE ROLE OF SWEPT SOURCE OCT ANGIOGRAPHY IN RELAPSING VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography findings as a predictive role in the chronic relapsing stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and its comparison with other imaging modalities such as fluorescein angiography, indocyanine-green angiography, and spectral domain OCT.

Methods: A 37-year-old woman from Bangladesh was diagnosed with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. She was evaluated 8 months before for a routine examination when she was in clinical remission.

Topical Nerve Growth Factor for the Treatment of Neurotrophic Keratopathy Caused by Wallenberg Syndrome.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report a case of central neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) in Wallenberg syndrome (WS) and its successful management with topical recombinant nerve growth factor (rNGF).

Methods: A 47-year-old man with WS caused by a stroke in the territory of the left vertebrobasilar artery complained of progressive visual loss in his left eye (OS). Examination showed corneal anesthesia associated with a corneal epithelial ulceration consistent with a diagnosis of NK grade 3 of central origin.

Seroepidemiological Survey on the Impact of Smoking on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Outcomes: Protocol for the Troina Study.

Background: After the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, research has highlighted several aspects of the pandemic, focusing on clinical features and risk factors associated with infection and disease severity. However, emerging results on the role of smoking in SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility or COVID-19 outcomes are conflicting, and their robustness remains uncertain.

Objective: In this context, this study aims at quantifying the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence, studying the changes in antibody levels over time, and analyzing the association between the biochemically verified smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Hellp syndrome-related hypertensive chorioretinopathy: A multimodal imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) study.

Introduction: Pregnancy may be associated to unique retinal disorders and is associated to worsening of retinal disease that also occurs in non-pregnant females. We report a case of chorioretinopathy caused by pre-eclampsia associated to HELLP (Hemolysis-Elevated-Liver enzymes and Low Platelet count) syndrome.

Methods: Multimodal Imaging features of HELLP syndrome-related hypertensive chorioretinopathy including retinography, Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), Fluorescein angiography (FA), Indocyanine-green angiography (ICG) along with OCT-angiography (OCTA) are presented and discussed.

Complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia in malignant intracranial hypertension in a child.

Purpose: To describe a case of fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in a child with "malignant" presentation.

Case Report: A 16-year-old, previously healthy, girl presented with bilateral visual loss and bilateral global limitation of eye movements in the absence of headache. Extensive laboratory evaluation for infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic conditions was negative.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma.

A 46-year-old female with a history of 5 months of progressive painless visual loss in the left eye was found to have an optic nerve sheath meningioma. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed a reduction in the superficial capillary plexus density consistent with her visual field defect and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning. Moreover, abnormalities in the choriocapillaris were found in the affected eye compared to the fellow eye.

Idiopathic binasal hemianopia: case report and literature review.

A 56-year-old lady was referred for complete binasal hemianopia noticed during routine glaucoma screening. On examination the patient was asymptomatic, there were no ophthalmic causes explaining her visual field defect and further neurologic investigation was normal. Binasal hemianopia is an uncommon finding that is usually associated to intraocular conditions, but may rarely be caused by neurologic diseases.

Retrogeniculate Lesion of the Visual Pathways: Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Shows Evidence of Transsynaptic Retrograde Degeneration.

Transsynaptic retrograde degeneration (TSRD) of the visual pathways is the loss of retinal ganglion cells occurring upstream from a posterior visual pathway lesion. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman with an epidermoid cyst at the right temporo-occipital junction, in whom retinal optical coherence tomography angiography showed a reduction of the superficial retinal capillary density consistent with TSRD. While this reduction has been described in chronic optic neuropathies and geniculate lesions, to our knowledge, this is the first case report showing how a reduction in the superficial retinal capillary density occurs also for a geniculate lesion.

Corneal Involvement in Wallenberg Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review.

A 47-year-old man with Wallenberg syndrome after a stroke in the territory of the left vertebrobasilar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery, presented a week later complaining of visual loss in the left eye. Examination showed corneal anaesthesia associated with a neurotrophic corneal epithelial defect. Corneal involvement secondary to trigeminal neuropathy in Wallenberg syndrome is not frequently reported and may lead to epithelial erosion and neurotrophic keratopathy.

Cilioretinal artery hypoperfusion and its association with paracentral acute middle maculopathy.

Background/aims: To study the multimodal imaging findings of a large series of eyes with cilioretinal artery obstruction (CILRAO) and describe the systemic associations.

Methods: Multicentre, retrospective chart review from 12 different retina clinics worldwide of eyes with CILRAO, defined as acute retinal whitening in the distribution of the cilioretinal artery, were identified. The clinical, systemic information and multimodal retinal imaging findings were collected and analysed.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease Presenting as Unilateral Neuroretinits.

A 42-year-old female presented with unilateral visual loss associated with systemic symptoms of fever and headache. Although initial ophthalmic examination revealed a unilateral neuroretinitis, investigation for infectious and non-infectious causes of neuroretinitis were negative. At our examination, retinal imaging (suggestive of bilateral involvement) along with the results of lumbar puncture (pleocytosis) and clinical findings was consistent with a diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

Regression of unusual optic disk neovascularization after adalimumab in a case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis.

We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with a severe and uncommon presentation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related posterior uveitis, with neovessels at the optic disk associated with peripheral vasculitis. After two failed bevacizumab intravitreal injections, uveitis responded to systemic adalimumab administration, with a complete and long-term remission of ocular inflammation.

We cannot see what she cannot ignore.

A 32-year-old woman presented with the acute onset of a small scotoma in the right visual field. She was initially thought to have optic neuritis, but brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal. A review of her symptoms and medications disclosed recent use of oral contraceptives.

A case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome misdiagnosed as optic neuritis: Differential diagnosis for the neurologist.

A 25-year-old female presented to a local hospital for acute onset of a central scotoma in the left visual field. She was visited by the neurologist, and a diagnosis of left retrobulbar optic neuritis was made. Magnetic resonance imaging scan was normal.