Standing genetic variation fuels rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in blackgrass.

Repeated herbicide applications in agricultural fields exert strong selection on weeds such as blackgrass (), which is a major threat for temperate climate cereal crops. This inadvertent selection pressure provides an opportunity for investigating the underlying genetic mechanisms and evolutionary processes of rapid adaptation, which can occur both through mutations in the direct targets of herbicides and through changes in other, often metabolic, pathways, known as non-target-site resistance. How much target-site resistance (TSR) relies on de novo mutations vs.

DAP5 enables main ORF translation on mRNAs with structured and uORF-containing 5' leaders.

Half of mammalian transcripts contain short upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that potentially regulate translation of the downstream coding sequence (CDS). The molecular mechanisms governing these events remain poorly understood. Here, we find that the non-canonical initiation factor Death-associated protein 5 (DAP5 or eIF4G2) is required for translation initiation on select transcripts.

Characterization of monocyte subtypes regarding their phenotype and development in the context of graft-versus-host disease.

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In this study, monocyte subtypes were characterized regarding cytokine expression pattern and development in the context of GvHD. Using inflammatory S100 proteins for monocyte stimulation, it could be demonstrated that intermediate monocytes are the main producers of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα known to be involved in the development of Th17 cells pointing towards an inflammatory phenotype of this monocyte subtype.

Increase of Intermediate Monocytes in Graft-versus-Host Disease: Correlation with MDR1Th17.1 Levels and the Effect of Prednisolone and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains one of the major complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that is mainly treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisolone. In this study the influence of monocyte subpopulations, prednisolone, and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25-(OH)D3) on the induction of a proinflammatory subset of Th17 cells (MDRTh17.1) characterized by CCR6CXCR3CCR4CCR10CD161 and stable expression of the multidrug resistance protein type 1 (MDR1) was investigated.