No matter what you do, travel is travel in visual foraging.

In visual foraging, foragers collect multiple items from a series of visual displays (or "patches"). When the goal is to maximize the total or the rate of collection of target items, foragers must decide when to leave a depleted patch given that "traveling" from one patch to another incurs a temporal cost. In three experiments, we investigated whether the interposition of a secondary task during travel between patches in visual foraging altered patch-leaving behavior.

Research on re-searching: interrupted foraging is not disrupted foraging.

In classic visual search, observers typically search for the presence of a target in a scene or display. In foraging tasks, there may be multiple targets in the same display (or "patch"). Observers typically search for and collect these target items in one patch until they decide to leave that patch and move to the next one.

Attenuation of spatial bias with target template variation.

This study investigated the impact of target template variation or consistency on attentional bias in location probability learning. Participants conducted a visual search task to find a heterogeneous shape among a homogeneous set of distractors. The target and distractor shapes were either fixed throughout the experiment (target-consistent group) or unpredictably varied on each trial (target-variant group).

Habit-like attentional bias is unlike goal-driven attentional bias against spatial updating.

Statistical knowledge of a target's location may benefit visual search, and rapidly understanding the changes in regularity would increase the adaptability in visual search situations where fast and accurate performance is required. The current study tested the sources of statistical knowledge-explicitly-given instruction or experience-driven learning-and whether they affect the speed and location spatial attention is guided. Participants performed a visual search task with a statistical regularity to bias one quadrant ("old-rich" condition) in the training phase, followed by another quadrant ("new-rich" condition) in the switching phase.

Flexibility and stability of habit learning depend on temporal signal variation.

The visual system can learn statistical regularities and form search habits that guide attention to a region where a target frequently appears. Although regularities in the real world can change over time, little is known about how such changes affect habit learning. Using a location probability learning task, we demonstrated that a constant target location probability resulted in a long-term habit-like attentional bias to the target-frequent location.

Implicit learning of a response-contingent task.

In previous research, relative response speed was revealed to have been used as a predictive cue to guide attention to a target location, in a phenomenon known as "cueing by response." In this study, we explored whether responses can implicitly induce the use of cognitive control, especially in selecting and implementing task-sets. Participants were trained to perform tasks corresponding to different task cues during the training phase.

Predictive factors of high comprehensive complication index in colorectal cancer patients using Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol: role as a safety net in early discharge.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate complications using comprehensive complication index (CCI) in colorectal cancer patients with implementation of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol, and to investigate the predictive factors associated with high morbidity rates. It can be used as a safety net in determining the timing of discharge.

Methods: A total of 335 consecutive patients who underwent elective colorectal cancer surgery between January 2017 and December 2017 at a single tertiary center were enrolled.

Context affects implicit learning of spatial bias depending on task relevance.

Recent studies on the probability cueing effect have shown that a spatial bias emerges toward a location where a target frequently appears. In the present study, we explored whether such spatial bias can be flexibly shifted when the target-frequent location changes depending on the given context. In four consecutive experiments, participants performed a visual search task within two distinct contexts that predicted the visual quadrant that was more likely to contain a target.

Successful Conservative Management of Hepatic Portal Venous Gas due to Anastomosis Leakage After a Sigmoidectomy.

In past decades, hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) has rarely been reported, and the mortality rate has been very high. In most cases, surgical intervention was needed. Presently, abdominal computed tomography can be conveniently used to diagnose HPVG, which has various underlying causes and benign courses.

Expression of the Cancer Stem Cell Markers CD44 and CD133 in Colorectal Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Staining Analysis.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the expressions of CD44 and CD133 in colorectal cancer tissue by using immunohistochemical staining and to analyze the clinical significance of the expressions related to other clinicopathological data and survival results.

Methods: One hundred sixty-two patients with a biopsy-proven colorectal adenocarcinoma who were operated on between January 1998 and August 2004 were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemical staining for CD44 and CD133 was performed on primary colorectal cancer tissue, metastatic lymph nodes, and synchronous and metachronous metastatic tumor tissues if available.