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This clinical review article aims to describe symptoms and findings in cases of paediatric tracheobronchomalacia to help achieve the correct diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms and signs vary from reduced physical stamina, barking cough, productive cough and gurgling to obstructive episodes or episodes with stridor, which in some cases can be life-threatening. The range of symptoms overlaps with other pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis and treatment error.

Are BMI and adipokines associated with asthma, atopy and lung function in young adults previously hospitalized for bronchiolitis?

Background: Children hospitalized for bronchiolitis have increased risk of asthma and low lung function persisting into adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Body mass index (BMI) and adipokines are associated with respiratory morbidity. We aimed to investigate if associations between BMI and adipokines and the outcomes asthma, atopy, and lung function differed between young adults previously hospitalized for bronchiolitis and control subjects.

Blood eosinophils during bronchiolitis: Associations with atopy, asthma and lung function in young adults.

Aim: To study if blood eosinophils during bronchiolitis were associated with atopy, asthma and lung function in young adults and if these associations differed between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and non-RSV bronchiolitis.

Methods: This historical cohort enrolled 225 subjects. Blood eosinophils were measured during bronchiolitis in infancy, and the subjects were invited to a follow-up at 17-20 years of age including questionnaires for asthma and examinations of lung function and atopy.

Tracking of lung function from 10 to 35 years after being born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight.

Background: Lifelong pulmonary consequences of being born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight remain unknown. We aimed to describe lung function trajectories from 10 to 35 years of age for individuals born extremely preterm, and address potential cohort effects over a period that encompassed major changes in perinatal care.

Methods: We performed repeated spirometry in three population-based cohorts born at gestational age ≤28 weeks or with birth weight ≤1000 g during 1982-85, 1991-92 and 1999-2000, referred to as extremely preterm-born, and in term-born controls matched for age and gender.

Asthma, atopy and lung function in young adults after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy: impact of virus and sex.

Background: Hospitalisation for bronchiolitis is a risk factor for asthma and impaired lung function during childhood, but outcomes in young adults are poorly described. Our primary aim was to study the prevalence of asthma and atopy, and lung function at 17-20 years of age after bronchiolitis in infancy and, secondarily, the impact of viral aetiology (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vs non-RSV) and sex on these outcomes.

Methods: This Norwegian cohort study enrolled 225 young adults hospitalised for bronchiolitis in infancy during 1996-2001 and 167 matched control subjects.

Early life growth and associations with lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 11-years of age.

Low birthweight and being born small-for-gestational age (SGA) are linked to asthma and impaired lung function. Particularly, poor intrauterine growth followed by rapid catch-up growth during childhood may predispose for respiratory disease. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is an essential feature of asthma, but how foetal and early childhood growth are associated with BHR is less studied.

Adipokines in adolescence; the associations with lung function and atopy - A cross-sectional study.

Both inflammatory and mechanical effects have been proposed to explain the increased risk of asthma and reduced lung function observed in obese children and adults. The evidence regarding the potential role of obesity in the aetiology of atopy and allergy is more conflicting. The adipokines leptin and adiponectin are inflammatory markers of fat metabolism which may be involved in explaining the increased risk of asthma and reduced lung function in obese children and adults.

Half of children with recurrent or chronic wet cough before three years of age were symptom-free by age seven.

Aim: We aimed to study the natural course of recurrent episodic and chronic wet cough in preschool children, the proportion and age of resolution, and risk factors for persistent symptoms.

Methods: Parents of children with recurrent or chronic wet cough who had attended the outpatient clinic before the age of three years during 2010-2013 at Stavanger University Hospital, Norway, answered a questionnaire regarding clinical symptoms and current medication at a follow-up in 2017-2018.

Results: We invited 840 children to participate, and parents consented for 348 (41.

Lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity from 11 to 18 years in children with bronchiolitis in infancy.

Background: Various trajectories for lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) from early childhood to adulthood are described, including puberty as a period with excessive lung growth. Bronchiolitis in infancy may be associated with increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the development of respiratory patterns during puberty is poorly characterized for these children. We aimed to study the development and trajectories of lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in infancy.

Airway symptoms and atopy in young children prescribed asthma medications: A large-scale cohort study.

Diagnosing asthma and deciding treatment are difficult in young children. An inappropriate and too high prescription rate of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is suggested, but how airway symptoms are associated with prescriptions of asthma medication is less known. We studied how strongly wheeze, lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and atopic diseases are associated with dispensing of asthma medications during early childhood.

Vortex Whistle and Smart Phone Application for Peak Flow Recordings in Asthmatic Children: A Feasibility Study.

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Prescribing of asthma drugs for children 2004-2015.

Bakgrunn: Astma kan være vanskelig å diagnostisere hos barn. For barn under skolealder finnes det få tilgjengelige objektive diagnostiske undersøkelser, og retningslinjene for diagnose og behandling er basert på sykehistorie og klinisk undersøkelse. Dette kan gi rom for varierende behandlingspraksis.

The associations between weight-related anthropometrics during childhood and lung function in late childhood: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: An association between body weight in childhood and subsequent lung function and asthma has been suggested, but few longitudinal studies exist. Our aim was to explore whether weight-related anthropometric measurements through childhood were associated with lung function in late childhood.

Methods: From an original nested case-control study, a cohort study was conducted, where lung function was measured in 463 children aged 12.

Protracted bacterial bronchitis in children.

Protracted bacterial bronchitis is a common cause of persistent, wet cough in pre-school children. The condition has been described relatively recently, and knowledge of the diagnosis may be an aid to making the correct assessment of children with chronic cough, helping to ensure that the symptoms are not misinterpreted and treated as asthma.

High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review.

High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a relatively new non-invasive ventilation therapy that seems to be well tolerated in children. Recently a marked increase in the use of HFNC has been seen both in paediatric and adult care settings. The aim of this study was to review the current knowledge of HFNC regarding mechanisms of action, safety, clinical effects and tolerance in children beyond the newborn period.

Prescription patterns of inhaled corticosteroids for preschool children--A Norwegian register study.

Background: Although guidelines for treatment of wheeze and asthma in preschool children are available, symptoms are overlapping and it may be difficult to decide which children should be given inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Previous studies suggest an inappropriate prescription pattern of ICS in this age group. We studied time trends of ICS use in preschool children in Norway during 2004-2013 by age, gender and physician specialty, and the persistence of ICS use during preschool years.

Decline in admissions for childhood asthma, a 26-year period population-based study.

Background: The prevalence of childhood asthma has increased, although the rate of hospitalization for asthma seems to decrease. In Norway, the rate of hospital admission for childhood asthma from 1984 to 2000 increased. The aim of this study was to assess further trends in hospital admissions for childhood asthma up to 2010.

Acute bronchiolitis in infants, a review.

Acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the most common medical emergency situations in infancy, and physicians caring for acutely ill children will regularly be faced with this condition. In this article we present a summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis, and focus on guidelines for the treatment of bronchiolitis in infants. The cornerstones of the management of viral bronchiolitis are the administration of oxygen and appropriate fluid therapy, and overall a "minimal handling approach" is recommended.

Exhaled nitric oxide is related to atopy, but not asthma in adolescents with bronchiolitis in infancy.

Background: The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been suggested as a non-invasive marker of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma, but lately rather as a biomarker of atopy than of asthma itself. Asthma after bronchiolitis is common up to early adolescence, but the inflammation and pathophysiology may differ from other phenotypes of childhood asthma. We aimed to assess if FeNO was different in children with former hospitalization for bronchiolitis and a control group, and to explore whether the role of FeNO as a marker of asthma, atopy or bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) differed between these two groups of children.

Blood eosinophil counts during bronchiolitis are related to bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung function in early adolescence.

Aim: To assess whether inflammatory markers measured in urine and blood during acute bronchiolitis in infancy were associated with asthma, lung function, bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) and atopy at 11 years of age.

Methods: We included 105 children hospitalised for bronchiolitis during their first year of life. At hospitalisation, urinary (U-) eosinophil protein X, U-leukotriene E4 , U-prostaglandin 9α, 11β-PGF2 and blood eosinophil counts were measured.