Evaluating Atlantic Salmon () as a Natural or Alternative Host for Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV) Infection.

Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) has emerged with the rise of the aquaculture of Atlantic salmon (). The lack of cell culture cultivation has hampered the study of this infection. In this study, samples from naturally PMCV-infected Atlantic salmon from different commercial farms were collected and used.

Dynamics of Polarized Macrophages and Activated CD8 Cells in Heart Tissue of Atlantic Salmon Infected With Piscine Orthoreovirus-1.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) infection causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon . The virus is also associated with focal melanized changes in white skeletal muscle where PRV-1 infection of macrophages appears to be important. In this study, we studied the macrophage polarization into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes during experimentally induced HSMI.

PRV-1 Infected Macrophages in Melanized Focal Changes in White Muscle of Atlantic Salmon () Correlates With a Pro-Inflammatory Environment.

Melanized focal changes in white skeletal muscle of farmed Atlantic salmon, "black spots", is a quality problem affecting on average 20% of slaughtered fish. The spots appear initially as "red spots" characterized by hemorrhages and acute inflammation and progress into black spots characterized by chronic inflammation and abundant pigmented cells. 1 (PRV-1) was previously found to be associated with macrophages and melano-macrophages in red and black spots.

Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 Isolates Differ in Their Ability to Induce Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon ().

Piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (). The virus is widespread in Atlantic salmon and was present in Norway long before the first description of HSMI in 1999. Furthermore, in Canada the virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon but HSMI is not and Canadian isolates have failed to reproduce HSMI experimentally.

Dissemination of (PRV-1) in Atlantic Salmon () during the Early and Regenerating Phases of Infection.

(PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (), but the line of events from infection, pathologic change, and regeneration has not been thoroughly described. In this study, the cellular localization and variation of PRV-1 RNA and protein levels were analyzed at different times post-exposure in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used for assessment of the presence of the PRV-1 σ1 protein, while RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were performed for viral RNA.

Evolution of the Genome Linked to Emergence of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Farmed Atlantic Salmon ().

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon ( was first diagnosed in Norway in 1999. The disease is caused by -1 (PRV-1). The virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon, but not always associated with disease.

DNA vaccine expressing the non-structural proteins of Piscine orthoreovirus delay the kinetics of PRV infection and induces moderate protection against heart -and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) causes heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Erythrocytes are the main target cells for PRV. HSMI causes significant economic losses to the salmon aquaculture industry, and there is currently no vaccine available.

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

(PRV-1) causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (). Recently, a novel PRV (formerly PRV-Om, here called PRV-3), was found in rainbow trout () with HSMI-like disease. PRV is considered to be an emerging pathogen in farmed salmonids.

Viral Protein Kinetics of Piscine Orthoreovirus Infection in Atlantic Salmon Blood Cells.

(PRV) is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon () and the cause of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. Erythrocytes are important target cells for PRV. We have investigated the kinetics of PRV infection in salmon blood cells.

Immunological interactions between Piscine orthoreovirus and Salmonid alphavirus infections in Atlantic salmon.

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) and pancreas disease (PD) cause substantial losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The respective causative agents, Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), are widespread and often concurrently present in farmed salmon. An experimental infection in Atlantic salmon was conducted to study the interaction between the two viruses, including the immunological mechanisms involved.

Experimental Piscine orthoreovirus infection mediates protection against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Viral diseases are among the main challenges in farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The most prevalent viral diseases in Norwegian salmon aquaculture are heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and pancreas disease (PD) caused by Salmonid alphavirus (SAV). Both PRV and SAV target heart and skeletal muscles, but SAV additionally targets exocrine pancreas.

The non-structural protein μNS of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) forms viral factory-like structures.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is associated with heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation in farmed Atlantic salmon. The virus is ubiquitous and found in both farmed and wild salmonid fish. It belongs to the family Reoviridae, closely related to the genus Orthoreovirus.

Transcriptome analyses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) erythrocytes infected with piscine orthoreovirus (PRV).

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a widespread disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and is associated with piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection. PRV is detectable in blood long before development of pathology in cardiac- and skeletal muscle appear, and erythrocytes have been identified as important target cells for the virus.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) ơ3 protein binds dsRNA.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome and belongs to the family Reoviridae. PRV is associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and cause intraerythrocytic inclusions.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects Atlantic salmon erythrocytes.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the Reoviridae family and is the only known fish virus related to the Orthoreovirus genus. The virus is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), an emerging disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).