Estrogen Regulates Bone Turnover by Targeting RANKL Expression in Bone Lining Cells.

Estrogen is critical for skeletal homeostasis and regulates bone remodeling, in part, by modulating the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine for bone resorption by osteoclasts. RANKL can be produced by a variety of hematopoietic (e.g.

Long-term parenteral administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin causes bone loss.

Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides which are used in the pharmaceutical industry and research as vehicles for application of apolar substances such as steroids. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of parenteral administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on bone. Sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats were subcutaneously injected with physiological saline, 50, or 200 mg/kg HP-β-CD daily.

Estradiol release kinetics determine tissue response in ovariectomized rats.

Estrogen replacement is an effective therapy of postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, bone loss, and vaginal dryness. Undesired estrogen effects are the stimulation of uterine and mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation as well as hepatic estrogenicity. In this study, we examined the influence of different estradiol release kinetics on tissue responsivity in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.