Line scan--structured illumination microscopy super-resolution imaging in thick fluorescent samples.

Structured illumination microscopy in thick fluorescent samples is a challenging task. The out-of-focus fluorescence background deteriorates the illumination pattern and the reconstructed images suffer from influence of noise. We present a combination of structured illumination microscopy with line scanning.

Uncovering bifurcation patterns in cortical synapses.

Individual cortical synapses are known to exhibit a very complex short-time dynamic behaviour in response to simple "naturalistic" stimulation. We describe a computational study of the experimentally obtained excitatory post-synaptic potential trains of individual cortical synapses. By adopting a new nonlinear modelling scheme we construct robust and repeatable models of the underlying dynamics.

Correlation entropy of synaptic input-output dynamics.

The responses of synapses in the neocortex show highly stochastic and nonlinear behavior. The microscopic dynamics underlying this behavior, and its computational consequences during natural patterns of synaptic input, are not explained by conventional macroscopic models of deterministic ensemble mean dynamics. Here, we introduce the correlation entropy of the synaptic input-output map as a measure of synaptic reliability which explicitly includes the microscopic dynamics.

Stimulus history reliably shapes action potential waveforms of cortical neurons.

Action potentials have been shown to shunt synaptic charge to a degree that depends on their waveform. In this way, they participate in synaptic integration, and thus in the probability of generating succeeding action potentials, in a shape-dependent way. Here we test whether the different action potential waveforms produced during dynamical stimulation in a single cortical neuron carry information about the conductance stimulus history.

Recapture after exocytosis causes differential retention of protein in granules of bovine chromaffin cells.

After exocytosis, chromaffin granules release essentially all their catecholamines in small fractions of a second, but it is unknown how fast they release stored peptides and proteins. Here we compare the exocytic release of fluorescently labelled neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tissue plasminogen activator from single granules. Exocytosis was tracked by measuring the membrane capacitance, and single granules in live cells were imaged by evanescent field microscopy.